DRUG INTERACTIONS
Acetaminophen: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Phenyltoloxamine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Pentazocine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Acetaminophen; Tramadol: (Major) Acetaminophen can be hepatotoxic, and lamotrigine appears to be a potential cause of progressive and fatal hepatotoxicity despite drug discontinuation. A 35 year-old developed fulminant liver failure possibly caused by lamotrigine. She was taking several other drugs including acetaminophen. In a randomized, single-dose study, the serum half-life of lamotrigine after a 300 mg dose decreased by 15% and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve decreased by 20% when given with acetaminophen 900 mg 3 times a day as compared with administration of lamotrigine with placebo. As the lamotrigine maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and time to Cmax was similar between the groups, and the lamotrigine renal clearance increased by 7%, acetaminophen appears to enhance removal of lamotrigine from the circulation.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Aldesleukin, IL-2 may affect CNS function significantly. Therefore, psychotropic pharmacodynamic interactions could occur following concomitant administration of drugs with significant CNS or psychotropic activity, such as lamotrigine. Use with caution.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Alprazolam: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of alprazolam with CNS-depressant drugs, including anticonvulsants, can potentiate the CNS effects of either agent.
Amantadine: (Moderate) Coadministration of amantadine and lamotrigine may decrease amantadine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for anticholinergic adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and amantadine is excreted via this route.
Amiloride: (Moderate) Coadministration of amiloride (or amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ) and lamotrigine may decrease amiloride clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for amiloride-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and amiloride is excreted via this route.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Coadministration of amiloride (or amiloride; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ) and lamotrigine may decrease amiloride clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for amiloride-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and amiloride is excreted via this route.
Amoxapine: (Moderate) Amoxapine, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold, leading to pharmacodynamic interactions. Some anticonvulsants, such as phenobarbital or carbamazepine, may potentially induce the metabolism of amoxapine as well. Monitor patients for side effects or altered responses to drug therapy.
Amphetamines: (Major) Patients who are taking anticonvulsants for epilepsy/seizure control should use amphetamines with caution. Amphetamines may decrease the seizure threshold and increase the risk of seizures. If seizures occur, amphetamine discontinuation may be necessary.
Aripiprazole: (Minor) Coadministration of aripiprazole and lamotrigine may slightly decrease lamotrigine plasma concentrations; however, this interaction is not expected to be clinically meaningful. During clinical trials, lamotrigine exposure was reduced approximately 10% in patients (n = 18) on a stable regimen of lamotrigine 100400 mg/day who received ariprazole 1030 mg/day for 7 days, followed by 30 mg/day for an additional 7 days.
Atazanavir: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine maintenance dose regimens may be necessary with concomitant use of atazanavir boosted with ritonavir. No dose adjustments during dose escalation are necessary. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and atazanavir with ritonavir induces glucuronidation. Daily doses of atazanavir/ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg) in healthy volunteers reduced the AUC and Cmax of a single lamotrigine dose (100 mg) by approximately 32% and 6%, respectively. The lamotrigine half-life decreased by 27%. Concurrent use of lamotrigine and unboosted atazanavir is not expected to alter the plasma concentration of lamotrigine, and no dose adjustment of lamotrigine is necessary when administered without ritonavir.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine maintenance dose regimens may be necessary with concomitant use of atazanavir boosted with ritonavir. No dose adjustments during dose escalation are necessary. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and atazanavir with ritonavir induces glucuronidation. Daily doses of atazanavir/ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg) in healthy volunteers reduced the AUC and Cmax of a single lamotrigine dose (100 mg) by approximately 32% and 6%, respectively. The lamotrigine half-life decreased by 27%. Concurrent use of lamotrigine and unboosted atazanavir is not expected to alter the plasma concentration of lamotrigine, and no dose adjustment of lamotrigine is necessary when administered without ritonavir.
Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant phenobarbital use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and phenobarbital induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with phenobarbital, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%.
Azelaic Acid; Copper; Folic Acid; Nicotinamide; Pyridoxine; Zinc: (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Belladonna Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant phenobarbital use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and phenobarbital induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with phenobarbital, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%.
Bupropion: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold. Bupropion may also interact pharmacokinetically with anticonvulsant drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as carbamazepine, barbiturates, or phenytoin, as well as fosphenytoin and ethotoin.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold. Bupropion may also interact pharmacokinetically with anticonvulsant drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as carbamazepine, barbiturates, or phenytoin, as well as fosphenytoin and ethotoin.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Carbamazepine: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant carbamazepine use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and carbamazepine induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with carbamazepine, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%. Lamotrigine may increase the concentration of the 10, 11-epoxide metabolite of carbamazepine; small studies have demonstrated mixed results when evaluating carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in the presence of lamotrigine. Limited data suggest that there is a higher incidence of dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, and blurred vision in patients receiving lamotrigine with carbamazepine than in patients receiving lamotrigine with other AEDs; the mechanism of the interaction is not known.
Chlorpromazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Cimetidine: (Minor) Coadministration of cimetidine and lamotrigine may decrease cimetidine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for cimetidine-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and cimetidine is excreted via this route.
Clozapine: (Major) One report has described an interaction between lamotrigine and clozapine. A 3-fold increase in clozapine concentrations occurred in a patient after lamotrigine was added to the drug regimen. The patient experienced drowsiness and dizziness that were clinically significant. Measurement of clozapine plasma concentrations during the time of the interaction and after lamotrigine was discontinued indicated a probable interaction, although the mechanism of the interaction is not certain. Clozapine may interact with anticonvulsants in several ways; therefore concurrent use of clozapine in patients on antiepileptic medications is not recommended if seizures are not controlled. Clozapine lowers the seizure threshold in a dose-dependent manner and thus may induce seizures. Dosage adjustments of clozapine should be cautious.
Colesevelam: (Moderate) Colesevelam may decrease the bioavailability of lamotrigine. To minimize potential for interactions, consider administering oral anticonvulsants such as lamotrigine at least 1 hour before or at least 4 hours after colesevelam.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir; ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%. (Moderate) If coadministration of lamotrigine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is warranted, use caution and carefully monitor lamotrigine concentrations; lamotrigine dosage adjustments may be needed. Ritoanvir may increase the hepatic metabolism of lamotrigine via glucuronidation, resulting in decreased lamotrigine concentrations. Additionally, lamotrigine interactions are thought to be mediated by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT), and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Further alterations to lamotrigine concentrations could occur.
Desmopressin: (Major) Caution is recommended if a drug that may increase the risk of water intoxication with hyponatremia, such as lamotrigine, is administered with desmopressin acetate. Two children with diabetes insipidus had decreasing desmopressin requirements with lamotrigine initiation.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Dofetilide: (Major) Coadministration of lamotrigine and dofetilide is not recommended. Coadministration may decrease dofetilide clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for serious adverse events, including QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and dofetilide is excreted via this route.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Minor) Coadministration of memantine and lamotrigine may decrease memantine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including vertigo and mental status changes. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and memantine is excreted via this route.
Dopamine: (Moderate) Coadministration of dopamine and lamotrigine may decrease dopamine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypertension and tachycardia. Monitor blood pressure and peripheral perfusion closely and adjust the dopamine infusion as necessary. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and dopamine is excreted via this route.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations. (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations. (Moderate) Hormonal contraceptives, such as etonogestrel, may affect the metabolism of lamotrigine. Consequently, plasma concentrations of lamotrigine may decrease. Patients should be monitored for loss of efficacy of lamotrigine during concurrent use of etonogestrel.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Ferrous bisglycinate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations. (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Etonogestrel: (Moderate) Hormonal contraceptives, such as etonogestrel, may affect the metabolism of lamotrigine. Consequently, plasma concentrations of lamotrigine may decrease. Patients should be monitored for loss of efficacy of lamotrigine during concurrent use of etonogestrel.
Famotidine: (Minor) Coadministration of famotidine and lamotrigine may decrease famotidine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for famotidine-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and famotidine is excreted via this route.
Famotidine; Ibuprofen: (Minor) Coadministration of famotidine and lamotrigine may decrease famotidine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for famotidine-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and famotidine is excreted via this route.
Fluorouracil, 5-FU: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering fluorouracil, 5-FU, which may inhibit this enzyme.
Fluphenazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Folic Acid, Vitamin B9: (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) When phenytoin or fosphenytoin is added to lamotrigine therapy, phenytoin decreases the steady state concentrations of lamotrigine by approximately 50 percent. If enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs are discontinued, lamotrigine doses may need to be adjusted downward.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the coadministration of hydroxychloroquine and antiepileptic drugs, such as lamotrigine. Hydroxychloroquine can lower the seizure threshold; therefore, the activity of antiepileptic drugs may be impaired with concomitant use.
Isocarboxazid: (Moderate) MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required. Also, additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and anticonvulsants are coadministered.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant rifampin use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and rifampin induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with rifampin in 10 volunteers, rifampin (600 mg/day for 5 days) decreased the AUC of lamotrigine (25 mg single dose) by approximately 40%.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant rifampin use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and rifampin induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with rifampin in 10 volunteers, rifampin (600 mg/day for 5 days) decreased the AUC of lamotrigine (25 mg single dose) by approximately 40%.
Kava Kava, Piper methysticum: (Major) The German Commission E warns that any substances that act on the CNS, including anticonvulsants, may interact with kava kava. While the interactions can be pharmacodynamic in nature, kava kava has been reported to inhibit many CYP isozymes (i.e., CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 4A9/11) and important pharmacokinetic interactions with CNS-active agents that undergo oxidative metabolism via these CYP isozymes are also possible. Persons taking an anticonvulsant should discuss the use of herbal supplements with their health care professional prior to consuming them.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Levomefolate: (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Levomefolate; Mecobalamin; Pyridoxal-5-phosphate: (Minor) L-methylfolate concentrations may be reduced when administered concomitantly with lamotrigine. Patients should be monitored closely for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Levonorgestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir; ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Maprotiline, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold, leading to pharmacodynamic interactions. Monitor patients on anticonvulsants carefully when maprotiline is used concurrently. Because of the lowering of seizure threshold, an alternative antidepressant may be a more optimal choice for patients taking drugs for epilepsy.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Coadministration of mefloquine and anticonvulsants may result in lower than expected anticonvulsant concentrations and loss of seizure control. Monitoring of the anticonvulsant serum concentration is recommended. Dosage adjustments may be required during and after therapy with mefloquine.
Memantine: (Minor) Coadministration of memantine and lamotrigine may decrease memantine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including vertigo and mental status changes. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and memantine is excreted via this route.
Mephobarbital: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of hepatic enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs with lamotrigine results in changes in lamotrigine half-life in both adult and pediatric patient populations. Hepatic enzyme inducing barbiturates such as phenobarbital, mephobarbital or primidone may decrease lamotrigine steady-state concentrations by about 40%. If enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs are discontinued, lamotrigine doses may need to be adjusted downward.
Mesoridazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Metformin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Metformin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Coadministration of metformin and lamotrigine may decrease metformin clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypoglycemia. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and metformin is excreted via this route.
Methotrexate: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering methotrexate, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Methsuximide: (Major) Methsuximide may reduce serum concentrations of lamotrigine by up to 70%. Conversely, if methsuximide is discontinued, lamotrigine doses may need to be adjusted downward. The mechanism by which this interaction occurs has not been established.
Molindone: (Moderate) Consistent with the pharmacology of molindone, additive effects may occur with other CNS active drugs such as anticonvulsants. In addition, seizures have been reported during the use of molindone, which is of particular significance in patients with a seizure disorder receiving anticonvulsants. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when molindone is added; patients should be monitored for clinical evidence of loss of seizure control or the need for dosage adjustments of either molindone or the anticonvulsant.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: (Moderate) MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required. Also, additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and anticonvulsants are coadministered.
Norethindrone: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Norgestrel: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir; ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%. (Moderate) If coadministration of lamotrigine and dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir is warranted, use caution and carefully monitor lamotrigine concentrations; lamotrigine dosage adjustments may be needed. Ritoanvir may increase the hepatic metabolism of lamotrigine via glucuronidation, resulting in decreased lamotrigine concentrations. Additionally, lamotrigine interactions are thought to be mediated by uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UGT), and dasabuvir, ombitasvir, and paritaprevir are UGT1A1 inhibitors. Further alterations to lamotrigine concentrations could occur.
Oral Contraceptives: (Major) Adult and adolescent women receiving combination oral contraceptives with lamotrigine may require close clinical monitoring and lamotrigine dosage adjustments as there is potential for decreased efficacy of both lamotrigine and the oral contraceptive. Estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives may increase lamotrigine clearance during coadministration; in addition, side effects from lamotrigine such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia may occur during the placebo/off week, when lamotrigine clearance decreases. It is unknown if an interaction exists with non-oral combination contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy; however, it is possible that similar interactions could occur. Progestin-only products are not thought to change lamotrigine plasma levels. The specific dosage adjustment recommendations vary according to the type of hormonal contraception used and the presence or absence of other enzyme-inducing drug therapy. In one study, an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol; levonorgestrel 30 mcg/150 mcg administered for approximately 4.6 cycles (21 days of ethinyl estradiol (EE); levonorgestrel followed by 7 days of placebo) increased the clearance of lamotrigine 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC and Cmax of 52% and 39%, respectively. Trough lamotrigine concentrations increased an average of 2-fold by the end of the placebo week. Administration of lamotrigine 300 mg/day did not affect the kinetics of the EE component in a small group of female subjects. However, the AUC and Cmax of levonorgestrel decreased by 19% and 12%, respectively. The clinical outcome of these changes has not been studied. It is possible that EE; levonorgestrel efficacy could be reduced. Although not specifically recommended by the manufacturer, consideration should be given to prescribing progestin-only contraceptives or extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptives (e.g., Seasonale, Seasonique) to minimize lamotrigine serum concentration fluctuations). No adjustments to the initial lamotrigine dosing titration schedule are needed in women starting estrogen-containing contraceptives other than those recommended for initiation of lamotrigine in patients receiving other selected AEDs. The maintenance dose of lamotrigine following the initial titration or in those already stable on the drug will likely need to be increased 2-fold more than the usual recommended target dose to maintain consistent plasma levels in those not receiving enzyme-inducing medications (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin or other drugs, like rifampin, that increase lamotrigine glucuronidation, like ritonavir). Dose increases should begin when the oral contraceptive is started, and continue based upon response, not to exceed 50 to 100 mg/day per week unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the placebo week, and may be larger if dose changes are made just prior to this phase in the hormone cycle, possibly resulting in lamotrigine toxicity. Therefore dose changes limited to the pill-free week are not recommended; if adverse effects continue to occur during the pill-free week, the overall maintenance dose may need adjustment. No dose adjustments should be needed in those stable on lamotrigine while starting or stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and receiving enzyme-inducing medications. The lamotrigine maintenance dose will likely need to be decreased as much as 50% to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level in those stopping estrogen-containing contraceptives and not receiving enzyme-inducing medications. Dosage decreases should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over 2 weeks, unless lamotrigine plasma levels or response warrant otherwise. Until further data becomes available, close monitoring of lamotrigine for efficacy and toxicity is warranted in all situations.
Orlistat: (Moderate) Seizures have been reported in patients treated concomitantly with orlistat and anticonvulsants. Patients should be monitored for possible changes in the frequency and/or severity of convulsions. A mechanism for the potential interaction has not been stated.
Pemoline: (Major) A reduction in seizure threshold has been reported following concomitant administration of pemoline with anticonvulsant agents. Dosage adjustments of anticonvulsants may be necessary during simultaneous use of these drugs.
Perphenazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Phenelzine: (Moderate) MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required. Also, additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and anticonvulsants are coadministered.
Phenobarbital: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant phenobarbital use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and phenobarbital induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with phenobarbital, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%.
Phenothiazines: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Phentermine; Topiramate: (Moderate) Use caution when coadministering lamotrigine and topiramate. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as lamotrigine, may increase the risk of bleeding. In pediatric patients who underwent craniotomy for epilepsy surgery (n = 84), treatment for confirmed or suspected coagulopathy was required in 5 of 7 patients taking a regimen of topiramate and lamotrigine, approximately one-third of the overall study population requiring blood products. Concurrent use may also result in significant CNS depression. Further, co-administration of topiramate and lamotrigine resulted in a 13% decrease in topiramate concentration; however, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine do not appear to be affected by the combined use of the drugs.
Phenytoin: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant phenytoin use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and phenytoin induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with phenytoin, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%.
Pindolol: (Moderate) Coadministration of pindolol and lamotrigine may decrease pindolol clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including hypotension. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and pindolol is excreted via this route.
Pramipexole: (Minor) Coadministration of pramipexole and lamotrigine may decrease pramipexole clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including dizziness, mental status changes, and abnormal movements. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and pramipexole is excreted via this route.
Primidone: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant primidone use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and primidone induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with primidone, lamotrigine steady-state concentration decreased by approximately 40%.
Procainamide: (Moderate) Coadministration of lamotrigine and procainamide is not recommended. Coadministration may decrease procainamide clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for serious adverse events, including QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and procainamide is excreted via this route.
Prochlorperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Pyrimethamine: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering pyrimethamine, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Pyrimethamine; Sulfadoxine: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering pyrimethamine, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Ranitidine: (Minor) Coadministration of ranitidine and lamotrigine may decrease ranitidine clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for ranitidine-related adverse events. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and ranitidine is excreted via this route.
Rifampin: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant rifampin use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and rifampin induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with rifampin in 10 volunteers, rifampin (600 mg/day for 5 days) decreased the AUC of lamotrigine (25 mg single dose) by approximately 40%.
Ritonavir: (Major) Adjustments in lamotrigine escalation and maintenance dose regimens are necessary with concomitant lopinavir; ritonavir use. Monitoring lamotrigine plasma concentrations may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, and lopinavir; ritonavir induces glucuronidation. During concurrent use of lamotrigine with lopinavir; ritonavir in 18 healthy subjects, induction of glucuronidation by lopinavir (400 mg twice daily); ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased lamotrigine AUC, Cmax, and half-life by approximately 50% to 55.4%.
Rufinamide: (Moderate) Shortening of the QT interval has occurred during treatment with rufinamide. Therefore, caution is advisable during co-administration with other drugs associated with QT-shortening including lamotrigine. In addition, a population pharmacokinetic analysis showed a 7% to 13% decrease in lamotrigine concentrations and no effect on rufinamide concentrations during concurrent use.
Selegiline: (Moderate) MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required. Also, additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and anticonvulsants are coadministered.
Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, Cotrimoxazole: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering trimethoprim, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Thiethylperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Thioridazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Topiramate: (Moderate) Use caution when coadministering lamotrigine and topiramate. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as lamotrigine, may increase the risk of bleeding. In pediatric patients who underwent craniotomy for epilepsy surgery (n = 84), treatment for confirmed or suspected coagulopathy was required in 5 of 7 patients taking a regimen of topiramate and lamotrigine, approximately one-third of the overall study population requiring blood products. Concurrent use may also result in significant CNS depression. Further, co-administration of topiramate and lamotrigine resulted in a 13% decrease in topiramate concentration; however, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine do not appear to be affected by the combined use of the drugs.
Tranylcypromine: (Moderate) MAOIs can cause a variable change in seizure patterns, so careful monitoring of the patient with epilepsy is required. Also, additive CNS depression is possible if MAOIs and anticonvulsants are coadministered.
Trazodone: (Moderate) Trazodone can lower the seizure threshold of anticonvulsants, although the overall risk is low at therapeutic doses. Patients may require increased concentrations of anticonvulsants to achieve equivalent effects if trazodone is added.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold.
Trifluoperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Trimethoprim: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering trimethoprim, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Major) Coadministration of valproic acid with lamotrigine can decrease the elimination of lamotrigine. Valproic acid more than doubles the elimination half-life of lamotrigine in both pediatric and adult patients. In a steady-state study involving 10 healthy volunteers, the elimination half-life of lamotrigine increased from 26 to 70 hours with valproate coadministration (a 165% increase). The decrease in apparent clearance of lamotrigine may occur via inhibition of lamotrigine metabolism through competition for liver glucuronidation sites. Serious skin reactions (such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis) have been reported with concomitant lamotrigine and valproate administration. In any patient receiving valproic acid, lamotrigine must be initiated at a reduced dosage that is less than half the dose used in patients not receiving valproic acid. In controlled clinical trials, lamotrigine had no appreciable effect on plasma valproic acid concentrations when added to existing valproic acid therapies. If valproic acid therapy is discontinued, lamotrigine doses may need to be adjusted upward. The inhibitory effects of valproic acid on lamotrigine elimination may offset the actions of other anticonvulsants with known hepatic enzyme-inducing properties on lamotrigine clearance.
Varenicline: (Minor) Coadministration of varenicline and lamotrigine may decrease varenicline clearance, resulting in increased plasma concentrations and the potential for adverse events, including nausea, vomiting, and abnormal dreams. Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins, and varenicline is excreted via this route.