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MetroGel
Classes
Agents for Amoebiasis and Other Protozoal Diseases
Anaerobicides
Gynecological Antibiotics and Sulfonamides
Imidazole Derivative Antibiotics
Topical Antiinfectives for Acne
Topical Rosacea Agents
Administration
Regular-release tablets or capsules: Administer without regard to meals.
Extended-release tablets: Swallow whole; do not crush, break, or chew. Administer on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Reconstitution for powder for oral suspension
Available as a compounding kit containing 1 bottle of metronidazole powder and 1 bottle of grape-flavored diluent.
Reconstitution produces a 50 mg/mL metronidazole oral suspension.
Tap the bottom edges of the bottle containing the metronidazole powder on a hard surface to loosen the powder.
Remove the cap from the bottle containing the metronidazole powder. Tap the top of the induction seal to loosen any powder which may have adhered to the seal. Slowly peel back the foil seal.
Shake the diluent bottle for a few seconds prior to removing the cap.
Open the diluent bottle and pour about half of the diluent into the metronidazole powder bottle.
Replace the cap and shake the mixture bottle vigorously for approximately 60 seconds.
Empty the remaining diluent into the metronidazole powder bottle. Allow remaining diluent to drain into the powder bottle for 10 seconds.
Replace the cap and shake the mixture bottle vigorously for approximately 60 seconds.
Wait at least 1 hour before administering the first dose.
Storage: Store reconstituted solution at room temperature (15 to 30 degrees C; 59 to 86 degrees F); Do not freeze. Keep container tightly closed and protect from light. Discard any unused solution after 30 days.
Administration for oral suspension
Shake bottle vigorously prior to each administration.
Measure dosage with calibrated spoon, cup, or oral syringe.
NOTE: Extemporaneously prepared suspensions are not FDA-approved.
Extemporaneous preparation of 50 mg/mL metronidazole oral suspension:
Using a mortar and pestle, grind 24 x 250 mg metronidazole tablets to a fine powder.
To make the base solution: In a separate container, mix 1 of the following combinations: 1) 60 mL of Ora-Sweet with 60 mL of Ora-Plus; or 2) 60 mL of Ora-Sweet SF with 60 mL of Ora-Plus; or 3) 120 mL cherry syrup (cherry syrup concentrate diluted 1:4 with simple syrup).
Add a small amount of the base solution to the fine powder and mix into a uniform paste. Add geometric amounts of the base solution and mix well after each addition.
Transfer to a graduated cylinder and add additional base solution to make a total of 120 mL. Mix well.
Place in amber plastic bottles. Shake well before each use.
Storage: This oral suspension is stable for at least 60 days when stored at room temperature or refrigerated.
Extemporaneous preparation of 10 mg/mL metronidazole oral suspension:
Using a mortar and pestle, grind 5 x 250 mg metronidazole tablets to a fine powder.
To make the base solution: In a separate container, mix 62.5 mL of Ora-Sweet with 62.5 mL of Ora-Plus and shake well.
Add a small amount of the base solution to the fine powder and mix into a uniform paste. Add geometric amounts of the base solution and mix well after each addition.
Transfer to a graduated cylinder and add additional base solution to make a total of 125 mL. Mix well.
Place in amber plastic bottles. Shake well before each use.
Storage: This oral suspension is stable for at least 90 days when stored at room temperature.
Administer by slow IV infusion only, either as a continuous or intermittent infusion.
Do not admix with other drugs. If used with a primary intravenous fluid system, the primary solution should be discontinued during metronidazole infusion.
Visually inspect parenteral products for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
Preparation of Intravenous Infusion
Supplied as 5 mg/mL ready to use single-use infusion bags. No dilution required prior to administration.
Do not refrigerate.
Intermittent Intravenous Infusion
Remove from foil wrapping just prior to administration.
Infuse by slow intermittent IV infusion over 30 to 60 minutes.
Do not use in series connections; air embolism may occur.
Do not use equipment containing aluminum (e.g., needles, cannulae) that would come in contact with the drug solution during administration as precipitates may form.
Topical products differ in pH from vaginal products; therefore, topical cream, gel, and lotion are for topical application to the skin only. Do not use topical products orally or vaginally.
Avoid contact with the eyes.
Prior to administration, cleanse area with a mild, nonirritating cleanser.
Cream/Gel application: A thin layer should be rubbed into the affected areas. Cosmetics, sunscreens, and/or moisturizers may be used after applying cream, if needed.
Lotion application: Apply a thin layer to entire affected areas. Cosmetics, sunscreens, and/or moisturizers may be applied after the lotion has dried and 5 minutes have passed.
Vaginal and topical products differ in pH, therefore, vaginal gel is for vaginal use only; do not use vaginal products orally or topically.
Instruct patient on proper use.
Use special applicator supplied by the manufacturer.
Adverse Reactions
aseptic meningitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
seizures / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
pancreatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
new primary malignancy / Delayed / Incidence not known
serum sickness / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatic failure / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatotoxicity / Delayed / Incidence not known
vaginitis / Delayed / 0-15.0
candidiasis / Delayed / 0.2-12.0
hypertension / Early / 1.1-1.1
constipation / Delayed / 0-1.0
depression / Delayed / 0-1.0
dysuria / Early / 0-1.0
ataxia / Delayed / Incidence not known
neurotoxicity / Early / Incidence not known
dysarthria / Delayed / Incidence not known
peripheral neuropathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
nystagmus / Delayed / Incidence not known
encephalopathy / Delayed / Incidence not known
confusion / Early / Incidence not known
psychosis / Early / Incidence not known
neutropenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
eosinophilia / Delayed / Incidence not known
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
leukopenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
erythema / Early / Incidence not known
contact dermatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
phlebitis / Rapid / Incidence not known
urinary incontinence / Early / Incidence not known
cystitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
stomatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
superinfection / Delayed / Incidence not known
glossitis / Early / Incidence not known
proctitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
dyspareunia / Delayed / Incidence not known
dyspnea / Early / Incidence not known
ST-T wave changes / Rapid / Incidence not known
palpitations / Early / Incidence not known
sinus tachycardia / Rapid / Incidence not known
QT prolongation / Rapid / Incidence not known
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / Incidence not known
peripheral edema / Delayed / Incidence not known
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / Incidence not known
headache / Early / 2.2-18.0
vaginal discharge / Delayed / 12.0-12.0
nausea / Early / 1.6-10.0
metallic taste / Early / 2.0-9.0
dysgeusia / Early / 2.0-9.0
infection / Delayed / 0-7.0
pruritus / Rapid / 1.6-6.0
influenza / Delayed / 0-6.0
abdominal pain / Early / 4.0-5.0
pruritus ani / Early / 5.0-5.0
diarrhea / Early / 1.0-4.0
vomiting / Early / 0-4.0
dizziness / Early / 0-4.0
rhinitis / Early / 0-4.0
pharyngitis / Delayed / 2.0-3.1
dysmenorrhea / Delayed / 1.2-3.0
sinusitis / Delayed / 1.4-3.0
xerostomia / Early / 2.0-2.0
nasal congestion / Early / 1.1-1.1
flatulence / Early / 0-1.0
anorexia / Delayed / 0-1.0
dyspepsia / Early / 0-1.0
gingivitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
insomnia / Early / 0-1.0
diaphoresis / Early / 0-1.0
acne vulgaris / Delayed / 0-1.0
urticaria / Rapid / 0-1.0
rash / Early / 1.0-1.0
increased urinary frequency / Early / 0-1.0
breast enlargement / Delayed / 0-1.0
leukorrhea / Delayed / 0-1.0
menorrhagia / Delayed / 0-1.0
back pain / Delayed / 0-1.0
vaginal irritation / Early / 9.0
asthenia / Delayed / Incidence not known
vertigo / Early / Incidence not known
drowsiness / Early / Incidence not known
syncope / Early / Incidence not known
weakness / Early / Incidence not known
irritability / Delayed / Incidence not known
paresthesias / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypoesthesia / Delayed / Incidence not known
skin irritation / Early / Incidence not known
hyperhidrosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
fever / Early / Incidence not known
flushing / Rapid / Incidence not known
ocular irritation / Rapid / Incidence not known
xerosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
injection site reaction / Rapid / Incidence not known
polyuria / Early / Incidence not known
urine discoloration / Early / Incidence not known
libido decrease / Delayed / Incidence not known
myalgia / Early / Incidence not known
arthralgia / Delayed / Incidence not known
muscle cramps / Delayed / Incidence not known
hiccups / Early / Incidence not known
fatigue / Early / Incidence not known
chills / Rapid / Incidence not known
malaise / Early / Incidence not known
Boxed Warning
Metronidazole, when given systemically, has been reported to be carcinogenic in mice and rats. Similar studies in the hamster gave negative results. Also, metronidazole has shown mutagenic activity in a number of in vitro assay systems, but studies in mammals (in vivo) failed to demonstrate a potential for genetic damage. Human data are not available to describe the risk of a new primary malignancy secondary to use. The boxed warning states that systemic metronidazole use should be reserved for conditions where the drug is clearly needed; avoid unnecessary use. Vaginal and topical forms of metronidazole do not carry the boxed warning regarding carcinogenicity.
Common Brand Names
Flagyl, Flagyl ER, Flagyl RTU, MetroCream, MetroGel, MetroGel Vaginal, MetroGel-Vaginal, MetroLotion, Noritate, NUVESSA, Nydamax, Rosadan, Vandazole, Vitazol
Dea Class
Rx
Description
Oral/parenteral/topical/vaginal synthetic nitroimidazole; antibacterial and antiprotozoal
Used for anaerobic bacterial infections and protozoal infections such as trichomoniasis, amebiasis, and giardiasis
Associated with neurotoxicity
Dosage And Indications
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment. The FDA-approved dosage is: 2 g PO as a single dose or 1 g PO twice daily for 1 day or 250 mg PO 3 times daily or 375 mg PO twice daily for 7 days.
2 g PO as a single dose. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment. The FDA-approved dosage is: 2 g PO as a single dose or 1 g PO twice daily for 1 day or 250 mg PO 3 times daily or 375 mg PO twice daily for 7 days.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
2 g PO as a single dose. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
45 mg/kg/day PO in 3 divided doses for 7 days.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days if treatment failure occurs with reexposure. If treatment failure occurs with no reexposure, treat with 2 g PO once daily for 7 days. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
2 g PO as a single dose if treatment failure occurs with reexposure. If treatment failure occurs with no reexposure, treat with 500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. Treatment with 2 g PO once daily for 7 days can be considered for resistant infections. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days if treatment failure occurs with reexposure. If treatment failure occurs with no reexposure, treat with 2 g PO once daily for 7 days. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
2 g PO as a single dose if treatment failure occurs with reexposure. If treatment failure occurs with no reexposure, treat with 500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. Treatment with 2 g PO once daily for 7 days can be considered for resistant infections. Sexual partners should be referred and evaluated for appropriate treatment.
1 applicatorful (5 g of 0.75% metronidazole gel) intravaginally once daily for 5 days. The FDA-approved dosage is 1 applicatorful intravaginally 1 to 2 times daily for 5 days, depending on the product used. For once daily dosing, administer at bedtime. In patients with multiple recurrences, metronidazole gel administered twice weekly for more than 3 months has been shown to reduce recurrences, but the benefit may not persist when therapy is stopped. Limited data suggest that an oral nitroimidazole followed by intravaginal boric acid with suppressive metronidazole gel for 4 to 6 months may be an option for recurrent bacterial vaginosis.
1 applicatorful (5 g of 0.75% metronidazole gel) intravaginally once daily for 5 days; administer at bedtime. In patients with multiple recurrences, metronidazole gel administered twice weekly for more than 3 months has been shown to reduce recurrences, but the benefit may not persist when therapy is stopped. Limited data suggest that an oral nitroimidazole followed by intravaginal boric acid with suppressive metronidazole gel for 4 to 6 months may be an option for recurrent bacterial vaginosis.
1 applicatorful (5 g of 1.3% gel containing 65 mg of metronidazole) intravaginally as a single dose at bedtime as an alternative.
1 applicatorful (5 g of 1.3% gel containing 65 mg of metronidazole) intravaginally as a single dose at bedtime as an alternative.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. For patients with multiple recurrences, limited data suggest that an oral nitroimidazole, such as metronidazole 500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days, followed by intravaginal boric acid with suppressive metronidazole gel may be an option. Monthly oral metronidazole 2 g PO with fluconazole has been evaluated as suppressive therapy.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days. For patients with multiple recurrences, limited data suggest that an oral nitroimidazole, such as metronidazole 500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days, followed by intravaginal boric acid with suppressive metronidazole gel may be an option. Monthly oral metronidazole 2 g PO with fluconazole has been evaluated as suppressive therapy.
15 to 25 mg/kg/day PO in 3 divided doses for 7 days.
750 mg PO once daily for 7 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with doxycycline for 14 days and either single dose ceftriaxone IM, cefoxitin IM plus probenecid, or other parenteral third generation cephalosporin. For patients with cephalosporin allergy, if the community prevalence and individual risk of gonorrhea are low, and if follow-up is assured, metronidazole in combination with a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) or azithromycin for 14 days may be considered. Patients who fail to respond within 72 hours should be reevaluated to confirm diagnosis and switched to IV therapy.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with doxycycline for 14 days and either single dose ceftriaxone IM, cefoxitin IM plus probenecid, or other parenteral third generation cephalosporin. For patients with cephalosporin allergy, if the community prevalence and individual risk of gonorrhea are low, and if follow-up is assured, metronidazole in combination with a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) or azithromycin for 14 days may be considered. Patients who fail to respond within 72 hours should be reevaluated to confirm diagnosis and switched to IV therapy.
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg IV loading dose, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with doxycycline as part of initial treatment with ceftriaxone and as stepdown from IV treatment for a total of 14 days of therapy.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with doxycycline as part of initial treatment with ceftriaxone and as stepdown from IV treatment for a total of 14 days of therapy.
500 mg IV twice daily in combination with doxycycline and ceftriaxone. IV therapy should be continued for at least 24 to 48 hours after clinical improvement, and then stepdown to oral metronidazole and doxycycline for a total of 14 days of therapy.
500 mg IV twice daily in combination with doxycycline and ceftriaxone. IV therapy should be continued for at least 24 to 48 hours after clinical improvement, and then stepdown to oral metronidazole and doxycycline for a total of 14 days of therapy.
500 mg IV every 8 hours in combination with ampicillin and gentamicin. Continue treatment until clinical improvement and afebrile for 24 to 48 hours.
500 to 750 mg PO every 8 hours for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
30 to 50 mg/kg/day PO divided every 8 hours (Max: 750 mg/dose) for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
500 to 750 mg PO every 8 hours for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
30 to 50 mg/kg/day PO divided every 8 hours (Max: 750 mg/dose) for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
750 mg IV every 8 hours for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
30 to 50 mg/kg/day IV divided every 8 hours (Max: 750 mg/dose) for 5 to 10 days followed by either iodoquinol or paromomycin.
500 mg PO every 6 to 8 hours. Optimal treatment duration is not well-defined and will depend on causative pathogen and clinical course; treatment durations of 1 to 6 weeks for meningitis and 4 to 6 weeks for brain abscess have been reported in small studies and case reports. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours. Optimal treatment duration is not well-defined and will depend on causative pathogen and clinical course; treatment durations of 1 to 6 weeks for meningitis and 4 to 6 weeks for brain abscess have been reported in small studies and case reports.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours.
500 mg IV every 6 to 8 hours. Optimal treatment duration is not well-defined and will depend on causative pathogen and clinical course; treatment durations of 1 to 6 weeks for meningitis and 4 to 6 weeks for brain abscess have been reported in small studies and case reports. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours. Optimal treatment duration is not well-defined and will depend on causative pathogen and clinical course; treatment durations of 1 to 6 weeks for meningitis and 4 to 6 weeks for brain abscess have been reported in small studies and case reports.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours.
Apply thin film of 0.75% metronidazole topical cream, gel, or lotion to the cleansed, affected areas twice daily in the morning and evening. Once response occurs, adjust frequency and duration of therapy according to severity of disease.
Apply and rub in a thin film of 1% metronidazole gel or cream once daily to the cleansed, affected area(s).
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours.
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours. Use in combination with a second- or third-generation cephalosporin for community-acquired empyema or with vancomycin and cefepime for hospital-acquired or postprocedural empyema. Treat for a minimum of 2 weeks after drainage and defervescence. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours. Use in combination with a second- or third-generation cephalosporin for community-acquired empyema or with vancomycin and cefepime for hospital-acquired or postprocedural empyema. Treat for at least 2 weeks after drainage and defervescence.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. Use in combination with a second- or third-generation cephalosporin for community-acquired empyema or with vancomycin and cefepime for hospital-acquired or postprocedural empyema. Treat for at least 2 weeks after drainage and defervescence. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours. Use in combination with a second- or third-generation cephalosporin for community-acquired empyema or with vancomycin and cefepime for hospital-acquired or postprocedural empyema. Treat for at least 2 weeks after drainage and defervescence.
500 mg IV every 8 hours plus ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin for incisional surgical site infections of the intestinal or genitourinary tract or axilla or perineum.
500 mg IV every 6 hours until further debridement is not necessary, the patient has improved clinically, and fever has been absent for 48 to 72 hours plus cefotaxime, aminoglycoside, or quinolone for mixed necrotizing infections.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV every 6 hours until further debridement is not necessary, the patient has improved clinically, and fever has been absent for 48 to 72 hours plus cefotaxime or aminoglycoside for mixed necrotizing infections.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours until further debridement is not necessary, the patient has improved clinically, and fever has been absent for 48 to 72 hours plus cefotaxime or aminoglycoside for mixed necrotizing infections.
15 mg/kg IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours until further debridement is not necessary, the patient has improved clinically, and fever has been absent for 48 to 72 hours plus cefotaxime or aminoglycoside for mixed necrotizing infections.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours until further debridement is not necessary, the patient has improved clinically, and fever has been absent for 48 to 72 hours plus cefotaxime or aminoglycoside for mixed necrotizing infections.
250 to 500 mg PO every 8 hours. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
500 mg IV every 8 hours. In setting of a cat or dog bite, preemptive early antimicrobial therapy for 3 to 5 days is recommended for patients who are immunocompromised, asplenic, have advanced liver disease, have edema of the bite area, have moderate to severe injuries, particularly of the hand or face, or have penetrating injuries to the periosteum or joint capsule.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours.
500 mg PO every 8 hours for 7 days plus sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim or ceftriaxone.
500 mg IV every 8 hours for 7 days plus sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim or ceftriaxone.
500 mg PO every 6 to 8 hours for 7 to 14 days for moderate or severe infections including ischemic limb/necrosis/gas forming. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
500 mg IV every 6 to 8 hours for 7 to 14 days for moderate or severe infections including ischemic limb/necrosis/gas forming. Continue treatment for up to 28 days if infection is improving but is extensive and resolving slower than expected or if patient has severe peripheral artery disease.
500 mg PO every 8 hours for 5 to 14 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for 5 to 14 days.
500 mg IV every 8 hours for 5 to 14 days.
22.5 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours for 5 to 14 days.
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours for 4 to 6 weeks. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours for 4 to 6 weeks. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days.
500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days.
2 g PO as a single dose for males who have sex with females in areas where T. vaginalis is prevalent.
250 mg PO 3 or 4 times daily for 10 days or 500 mg PO 3 times daily for 8 days has been recommended. For severe periodontitis, 250 mg PO 3 times daily with amoxicillin for 7 to 10 days has been used. For refractory disease in patients with beta-lactam allergy, 500 mg PO twice daily with ciprofloxacin for 8 days.
250 mg PO 3 or 4 times daily for 10 days or 500 mg PO 3 times daily for 8 days has been recommended. For severe periodontitis, 250 mg PO 3 times daily with amoxicillin for 7 to 10 days has been used.
1 g PO in combination with neomycin for 3 doses given over 10 hours beginning the afternoon and evening prior to the surgery. Intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis should also be given prior to the surgical incision.
15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO in combination with neomycin for 3 doses given over 10 hours beginning the afternoon and evening prior to the surgery. Intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis should also be given prior to the surgical incision.
500 mg IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. May continue 500 mg IV every 6 hours for no more than 24 hours post-operatively if necessary.[36054] [53477] The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours for 2 doses.[36894]
15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. May continue 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV every 8 hours for no more than 24 hours post-operatively if necessary.[53477]
15 mg/kg/dose IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. The duration of prophylaxis should not exceed 24 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. The duration of prophylaxis should not exceed 24 hours.
500 mg PO twice daily for 5 days.
500 mg to 1.5 g as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. May continue 500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours for no more than 24 hours post-operatively if necessary.[36054] [53477] The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 6 hours for 2 doses.[36894]
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1.5 g/dose) IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. May continue 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV every 8 hours for no more than 24 hours post-operatively if necessary.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV as a single dose within 60 minutes prior to the surgical incision; no intraoperative redosing is necessary. May continue 15 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV every 8 hours for no more than 24 hours post-operatively if necessary.
500 mg PO 3 times daily for 10 days as an alternative.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 6 to 8 hours for 10 days as first-line therapy.
500 mg IV every 8 hours plus vancomycin.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) IV every 6 to 8 hours for 10 days plus vancomycin.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 6 to 8 hours for 10 days as first-line therapy.
500 mg IV every 8 hours plus rectal vancomycin.
1,000 to 1,500 mg/day PO in 2 to 4 divided doses. In some patients, higher doses (up to 20 mg/kg/day) may be needed for the treatment of perianal disease. Guidelines state that metronidazole may be effective and strongly recommends consideration in treating simple perianal fistulas.
15 to 20 mg/kg/day PO in 2 to 3 divided doses based on limited data in pediatric patients. In adult studies of patients with Crohn's disease, usual doses have ranged from 1,000 to 1,500 mg/day in 2 to 4 divided doses. Metronidazole, in combination with ciprofloxacin or azithromycin, has been shown to improve the clinical symptoms of Crohn's disease and may be effective in inducing remission in patients with active Crohn's disease.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 10 to 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO 3 times daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with amoxicillin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 to 7 days after initial 5 to 7-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 days after initial 5-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 days after initial 5-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 days after initial 5-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 7 days after initial 7-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with levofloxacin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 5 to 7 days after initial 5 to 7-day therapy with amoxicillin and a PPI.
250 mg PO 4 times daily or 500 mg PO 3 to 4 times daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 10 to 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO 3 to 4 times daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO once daily in the morning and 250 mg PO once daily in the evening or 375 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
250 mg PO twice daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 14 days.
500 mg PO 2 to 3 times daily in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 10 to 14 days.
500 mg PO 3 to 4 times daily in combination with bismuth subsalicylate, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and amoxicillin, clarithromycin, or levofloxacin for 10 to 14 days.
250 mg PO every 8 hours for 5 to 7 days.
5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 250 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for 5 to 7 days.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis complicated by rupture and intraabdominal abscess.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis complicated by rupture and intraabdominal abscess.
7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis.
7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis.
7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis.
500 mg PO every 6 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis complicated by rupture, intraabdominal abscess, and complicated diverticulitis.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days. Complicated infections include peritonitis complicated by rupture and intraabdominal abscess.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis. Although oral dosing is not specified in the guidelines for neonates, oral absorption of metronidazole is nearly complete, and the same dose that is given IV is given orally.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis. Although oral dosing is not specified in the guidelines for neonates, oral absorption of metronidazole is nearly complete, and the same dose that is given IV is given orally.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours as part of combination therapy for 7 to 10 days. Metronidazole is an option for necrotizing enterocolitis. Although oral dosing is not specified in the guidelines for neonates, oral absorption of metronidazole is nearly complete, and the same dose that is given IV is given orally.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV once as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided 8 hours as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg PO every 6 hours as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg PO every 8 hours for 21 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for 14 to 21 days.
500 mg PO every 8 hours for at least 14 to 21 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for at least 14 to 28 days.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV as a single dose as part of combination therapy. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1.5 g/dose) IV as a single dose as part of combination therapy, typically in combination with ceftriaxone. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV as a single dose as part of combination therapy, typically in combination with ceftriaxone. Antibiotics should be discontinued within 24 hours.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1.5 g/dose) IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days, typically in combination with ceftriaxone.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 24 hours as part of combination therapy for 3 to 7 days, typically in combination with ceftriaxone.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV every 24 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as part of combination therapy.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1.5 g/dose) IV every 24 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as part of combination therapy, typically in combination with ceftriaxone.
30 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 24 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as part of combination therapy; generally in combination with ceftriaxone.
500 mg PO every 6 hours for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg IV every 6 to 12 hours or 1.5 g IV every 24 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided 8 hours for at least 48 hours, followed by oral step-down therapy for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg PO every 6 hours for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for a total treatment duration of 5 to 10 days as step-down therapy after initial parenteral therapy as part of combination therapy. Uncomplicated infections include traumatic bowel perforations repaired within 12 hours; acute cholecystitis without perforation; and ischemic, non-perforated bowel.
500 mg PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 2 g/day) IV divided every 6 to 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours for 7 to 10 days.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. Start within 1 hour for septic shock or within 3 hours for possible sepsis without shock. Duration of therapy is not well-defined and dependent on patient- and infection-specific factors. Assess patient daily for deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen identification and/or adequate clinical response.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours. Start within 1 hour for septic shock or within 3 hours for sepsis-associated organ dysfunction without shock. Duration of therapy is not well-defined and dependent on patient- and infection-specific factors. Assess patient daily for deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen identification and/or adequate clinical response.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours. Start within 1 hour for septic shock or within 3 hours for sepsis-associated organ dysfunction without shock. Duration of therapy is not well-defined and dependent on patient- and infection-specific factors. Assess patient daily for deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen identification and/or adequate clinical response. Neonates younger than 37 weeks gestational age were excluded from guideline scope.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours. Start within 1 hour for septic shock or within 3 hours for sepsis-associated organ dysfunction without shock. Duration of therapy is not well-defined and dependent on patient- and infection-specific factors. Assess patient daily for deescalation of antimicrobial therapy based on pathogen identification and/or adequate clinical response. Neonates younger than 37 weeks gestational age were excluded from guideline scope.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) IV every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 10 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 8 hours.
15 mg/kg/dose IV once, then 7.5 mg/kg/dose IV every 12 hours.
500 mg PO every 8 to 12 hours. The FDA-approved dosage is 7.5 mg/kg/dose (Max: 1 g/dose) PO every 6 hours for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose (Max: 500 mg/dose) PO every 8 hours.
10 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 8 hours.
7.5 mg/kg/dose PO every 12 hours.
500 mg IV every 8 to 12 hours plus cefazolin for 5 days or until CSF leak is closed, whichever is longer.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 1.5 g/day) IV divided every 8 hours plus cefazolin for 5 days or until CSF leak is closed, whichever is longer.
500 mg IV every 6 to 8 hours plus cefazolin for 1 day after definitive washout.
22.5 to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 2 g/day) IV divided every 6 to 8 hours plus cefazolin for 1 day after definitive washout.
250 mg PO 3 times daily for 7 to 10 days.
10 mg/kg/dose PO twice daily (Max: 750 mg/day) for 7 to 10 days.
500 mg IV for at least 1 dose after umbilical cord clamping when ampicillin, cefazolin, or vancomycin is used in combination with gentamicin intrapartum.
500 mg IV for at least 1 dose after umbilical cord clamping when ampicillin, cefazolin, or vancomycin is used in combination with gentamicin intrapartum.
500 mg IV every 8 hours during the intrapartum period as alternative combination therapy. Give 1 additional dose after cesarean delivery; an additional dose is generally not needed after vaginal delivery. Other risk factors such as bacteremia or persistent postpartum fever may require additional therapy.
500 mg IV every 8 hours during the intrapartum period as alternative combination therapy. Give 1 additional dose after cesarean delivery; an additional dose is generally not needed after vaginal delivery. Other risk factors such as bacteremia or persistent postpartum fever may require additional therapy.
†Indicates off-label use
Dosing Considerations
Reduce the dose of systemic metronidazole by 50% in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C). Single systemic doses may not need to be adjusted.
No dosage adjustment needed in adult patients. Metabolites will likely accumulate in patients with a CrCl less than 10 mL/minute. In pediatric patients with a CrCl less than 10 mL/minute/1.73 m2, a dose of 4 mg/kg/dose IV/PO every 6 hours is recommended (based on usual dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours).
Intermittent hemodialysis
No dosage adjustment is necessary in adult patients; however, administer systemic doses after hemodialysis. Systemically administered metronidazole is significantly removed (up to 65% of a dose) during a standard hemodialysis session. In pediatric patients, a dose of 4 mg/kg/dose IV/PO every 6 hours is recommended (based on usual dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours).
Peritoneal dialysis
No dosage adjustment is necessary in adult patients. The pharmacokinetic disposition of metronidazole is not significantly altered in patients undergoing CAPD. In pediatric patients, a dose of 4 mg/kg/dose IV/PO every 6 hours is recommended (based on usual dose of 15 to 30 mg/kg/day divided every 6 to 8 hours).
Chronic renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
No dosage adjustment is necessary.
Drug Interactions
Adagrasib: (Major) Concomitant use of adagrasib and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Alfuzosin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and alfuzosin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Amiodarone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and amiodarone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Amisulpride: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and amisulpride increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Minor) Since celecoxib is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C9, concurrent administration with metronidazole, which can inhibit this enzyme, may result in increased levels of celecoxib. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Anagrelide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and anagrelide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Apomorphine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and apomorphine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and aripiprazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Arsenic Trioxide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and arsenic trioxide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Artemether; Lumefantrine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and artemether increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lumefantrine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Asenapine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and asenapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Atomoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and atomoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Azithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and azithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Barbiturates: (Minor) Barbiturates may decrease the half-life and plasma concentrations of metronidazole. The clinical significance of this effect is uncertain.
Bedaquiline: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and bedaquiline increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Bortezomib: (Minor) Monitor patients for the development of peripheral neuropathy when receiving bortezomib in combination with other drugs that can cause peripheral neuropathy like metronidazole; the risk of peripheral neuropathy may be additive.
Buprenorphine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and buprenorphine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Busulfan: (Major) Systemic metronidazole should not be administered with busulfan unless the benefit outweighs the risk. If no therapeutic alternatives to metronidazole exist, monitor busulfan concentrations and adjust the busulfan doses as necessary. Metronidazole may increase plasma concentrations of busulfan, which can result in an increased risk for serious busulfan toxicity such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, gastrointestinal mucositis, and hepatic veno-occlusive disease.
Cabotegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Carbamazepine: (Minor) Monitor serum concentrations of carbamazepine when coadministered with systemic metronidazole. Concomitant use with metronidazole may increase the serum concentrations of carbamazepine; thereby, increasing the risk of side effects.
Celecoxib: (Minor) Since celecoxib is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C9, concurrent administration with metronidazole, which can inhibit this enzyme, may result in increased levels of celecoxib. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Minor) Since celecoxib is metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C9, concurrent administration with metronidazole, which can inhibit this enzyme, may result in increased levels of celecoxib. The clinical significance of this interaction has not been established.
Ceritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ceritinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Chloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and chloroquine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Chlorpromazine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and chlorpromazine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cholestyramine: (Moderate) Administer metronidazole at least 1 hour before or at least 4 to 6 hours after administration of cholestyramine. The oral bioavailability of metronidazole was reduced by 21% when given with cholestyramine.
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Monitor for metronidazole-related adverse effects during concomitant cimetidine use. Cimetidine decreases hepatic microsomal liver enzyme activity and may prolong the half-life and decrease plasma clearance of metronidazole.
Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of metronidazole and cisapride due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Citalopram: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and citalopram increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Clofazimine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofazimine and metronidazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Clozapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and clozapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Crizotinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and crizotinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Cyclophosphamide: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in cyclophosphamide-related adverse reactions if coadministration with metronidazole is necessary. Acute encephalopathy has been reported in one patient receiving cyclophosphamide and metronidazole, although causal association is unclear. In an animal study, the combination of cyclophosphamide with metronidazole was associated with an increase in cyclophosphamide toxicity.
Cyclosporine: (Major) Monitor serum concentrations of cyclosporine when coadministered with systemic metronidazole. Concomitant use with metronidazole may increase the serum concentrations of cyclosporine; thereby, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Cyclosporine parenteral and oral solutions contain ethanol; liquid-filled capsules contain ethanol in lower percentages. Administration of ethanol-containing formulations of cyclosporine to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Dasatinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and dasatinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Degarelix: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., degarelix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Desflurane: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and halogenated anesthetics increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Deutetrabenazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and deutetrabenazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with deutetrabenazine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range.
Dexmedetomidine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dexmedetomidine and metronidazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and quinidine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Disopyramide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and disopyramide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Disulfiram: (Contraindicated) The combination of systemic metronidazole and disulfiram is contraindicated. Do not administer systemic metronidazole concomitantly or within 2 weeks after the administration of disulfiram because additive CNS toxic effects can occur. Case reports have described the development of CNS toxicity after metronidazole was coadministered with disulfiram, resulting in psychosis and confusion. This toxicity is believed to occur because of combined inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. When metronidazole and disulfiram are combined, symptoms may become evident within 10 to 14 days, and symptoms may remain for 2 to 3 days after the drugs are discontinued.
Dofetilide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and dofetilide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Dolasetron: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and dolasetron may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Donepezil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and donepezil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and donepezil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors, such as metronidazole, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy.
Dronabinol: (Major) The use of metronidazole within 14 days of beginning therapy with dronabinol oral solution is contraindicated, due to the risk of a disulfiram-like reaction. Do not administer metronidazole within 7 days of completing therapy with the oral solution. Dronabinol oral solution contains 50% (w/w) dehydrated alcohol and 5% (w/w) propylene glycol, which can produce disulfiram-like reactions (e.g., abdominal cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and flushing) with drugs such as metronidazole. Ethanol competitively inhibits the metabolism of propylene glycol; however, the contribution of propylene glycol to these reactions is unknown. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations (e.g., dronabinol oral capsules).
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of metronidazole and dronedarone due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Droperidol: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and droperidol increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Drospirenone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and efavirenz may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Eliglustat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and eliglustat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Encorafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and encorafenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Entrectinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and entrectinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Eribulin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and eribulin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Erythromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and erythromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Escitalopram: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and escitalopram may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to discontinue alcohol-containing beverages and other forms of alcohol (including medicines with significant alcohol content and any products containing propylene glycol) before, during, and up to 3 days after therapy with systemic metronidazole. Disulfiram-like side effects including nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, headache, flushing, and abdominal cramps may occur if used together. (Minor) When alcohol is used for procedural ablation in a patient receiving metronidazole there is likely minimal risk for adverse effects. Disulfiram-like side effects, including nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, headache, flushing, and abdominal cramps, have been observed following recreational alcohol consumption in patients receiving metronidazole. Clinical practice guidelines suggest the risk for disulfiram-like side effects is minimal as metronidazole does not inhibit acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, as occurs with disulfiram, and previously observed adverse effects are equally attributable to either alcohol or metronidazole alone.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females mo
st at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Fingolimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fingolimod may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Flecainide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and flecainide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Floxuridine: (Minor) Enhancement of toxicity of fluorouracil, 5-FU, has been reported in a limited number of patients during concurrent treatment with metronidazole. This toxicity occurred without an increase in efficacy of fluorouracil. Toxicity may manifest as granulocytopenia, oral ulceration, anemia, and nausea and vomiting. This interaction is believed to occur through reduced clearance of fluorouracil. Floxuridine is a deoxyribonucleoside derivative of fluorouracil and may interact with metronidazole in a similar manner.
Fluconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fluconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluorouracil, 5-FU: (Minor) Caution is warranted with the coadministration of systemic metronidazole and systemic fluorouracil, 5-FU. Concomitant use with metronidazole may increase the serum concentrations of fluorouracil; thereby, increasing the risk of side effects. Toxicity may manifest as granulocytopenia, oral ulceration, anemia, and nausea and vomiting.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fluoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluphenazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of metronidazole and fluphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fluvoxamine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Foscarnet: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and foscarnet increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor phenytoin concentrations and for loss of metronidazole efficacy during concomitant therapy with fosphenytoin. Fosphenytoin may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole, resulting in reduced plasma concentrations; impaired clearance of phenytoin has also been reported.
Fostemsavir: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fostemsavir may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with fostemsavir is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at 4 times the recommended daily dose.
Gemifloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and gemifloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and gemtuzumab ozogamicin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Gilteritinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and gilteritinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Glasdegib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and glasdegib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Goserelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., goserelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Granisetron: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and granisetron may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Halogenated Anesthetics: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and halogenated anesthetics increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Haloperidol: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and haloperidol may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The intravenous route may carry a higher risk for haloperidol-induced QT/QTc prolongation than other routes of administration.
Histrelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., histrelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and hydroxychloroquine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Hydroxyzine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and hydroxyzine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ibutilide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ibutilide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Iloperidone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and iloperidone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and inotuzumab increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Isoflurane: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and halogenated anesthetics increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Itraconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and itraconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ivosidenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ixabepilone: (Contraindicated) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be administered during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. The supplied diluent that must be used for reconstitution of ixabepilone has a high concentration of dehydrated alcohol (39.8% w/v). Administration of ixabepilone to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions.
Ketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and metronidazole due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. QT prolongation has been reported, particularly when metronidazole was administered with drugs with the potential for prolonging the QT interval, like ketoconazole.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lapatinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lefamulin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lefamulin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Lenvatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lenvatinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Leuprolide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., leuprolide) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and levofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Levoketoconazole: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of ketoconazole and metronidazole due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation. QT prolongation has been reported, particularly when metronidazole was administered with drugs with the potential for prolonging the QT interval, like ketoconazole.
Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Lithium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of lithium and metronidazole may increase serum lithium concentrations and increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Monitor serum lithium concentrations; reduce the lithium dose based on lithium serum concentrations and clinical response. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lofexidine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lofexidine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Loperamide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and loperamide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and loperamide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and lopinavir; ritonavir increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Macimorelin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and macimorelin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and maprotiline may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Mebendazole: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of mebendazole and metronidazole. Serious skin reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported with coadministration.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and mefloquine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Methadone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and methadone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Midostaurin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and midostaurin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mifepristone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and mifepristone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mirtazapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and mirtazapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Mobocertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of mobocertinib and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Moxifloxacin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and moxifloxacin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Mycophenolate: (Moderate) Coadministration of mycophenolate mofetil, norfloxacin, and metronidazole is not recommended. Administration of all 3 drugs significantly reduced the systemic exposure of mycophenolic acid. Specifically, as compared with the value obtained with mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy, the mean mycophenolic acid AUC (0 to 48 h) was decreased by 33% when 1 gram of mycophenolate mofetil was administered to healthy patients who had received 4 days of both norfloxacin and metronidazole. The mycophenolic acid systemic exposure was slightly reduced when mycophenolate mofetil was coadministered with either norfloxacin or metronidazole. The mean (+/-SD) mycophenolic acid AUC (0 to 48 h) was 56.2 (+/-24) mcgh/ml after mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy, 48.3 (+/-24) mcgh/ml after coadministration with norfloxacin, and 42.7 (+/-23) mcgh/ml after coadministration with metronidazole. Addtionally, potential QT prolongation has been reported in limited case reports with metronidazole; therefore, it should be used cautiously when adminstered with norfloxacin, which has a possible risk for QT prolongation and TdP.
Nilotinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and nilotinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Nirmatrelvir; Ritonavir: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Norethindrone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ofloxacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ofloxacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine; Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and fluoxetine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Olanzapine; Samidorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and olanzapine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ondansetron: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ondansetron increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Oral Contraceptives: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Osilodrostat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and osilodrostat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Osimertinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and osimertinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Oxaliplatin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and oxaliplatin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ozanimod: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ozanimod increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Ozanimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Paclitaxel: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Some formulations of paclitaxel contain a high level of ethanol. Administration to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Pacritinib: (Major) Concomitant use of pacritinib and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Paliperidone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and paliperidone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Panobinostat: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and panobinostat increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pasireotide: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and pasireotide may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Pazopanib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and pazopanib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pentamidine: (Major) Concomitant use of pentamidine and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Perphenazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of metronidazole and perphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of metronidazole and perphenazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Phenytoin: (Moderate) Monitor phenytoin concentrations and for loss of metronidazole efficacy during concomitant therapy. Phenytoin may accelerate the elimination of metronidazole, resulting in reduced plasma concentrations; impaired clearance of phenytoin has also been reported.
Pimavanserin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and pimavanserin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Pimozide: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of metronidazole and pimozide due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Pitolisant: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and pitolisant increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ponesimod: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ponesimod increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary. Ponesimod has a limited effect on the QT/QTc interval at therapeutic doses but may cause bradycardia and atrioventricular conduction delays which may increase the risk for TdP in patients with a prolonged QT/QTc interval.
Posaconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and posaconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Primaquine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and primaquine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Procainamide: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and procainamide increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Prochlorperazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of metronidazole and prochlorperazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine; Dextromethorphan: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. C
onsider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Promethazine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and promethazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Propafenone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and propafenone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quetiapine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and quetiapine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quinidine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and quinidine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quinine: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and quinine increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Quizartinib: (Major) Concomitant use of quizartinib and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ramelteon: (Moderate) Coadministration of ramelteon with inhibitors of CYP2C9, such as metronidazole, may lead to increases in the serum concentrations of ramelteon.
Ranolazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ranolazine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Relugolix: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., relugolix) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ribociclib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ribociclib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Ribociclib; Letrozole: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ribociclib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and rilpivirine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with rilpivirine is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Risperidone: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and risperidone may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Ritonavir: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Ritonavir oral solution and capsules contain ethanol. Administration of ritonavir oral solution or capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram or metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations of ritonavir (e.g., tablets, oral powder).
Romidepsin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and romidepsin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Saquinavir: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and saquinavir increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Selpercatinib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and selpercatinib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and sertraline may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Sevoflurane: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and halogenated anesthetics increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Siponimod: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and siponimod increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: (Major) Prior or concomitant use of antibiotics with sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid may reduce efficacy of the bowel preparation as conversion of sodium picosulfate to its active metabolite bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) is mediated by colonic bacteria. If possible, avoid coadministration. Certain antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines and quinolones) may chelate with the magnesium in sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution. Therefore, these antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before and not less than 6 hours after the administration of sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution.
Sodium Stibogluconate: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sodium stibogluconate and metronidazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and solifenacin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Sorafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and sorafenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sotalol: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and sotalol increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Sunitinib: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and sunitinib may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tacrolimus: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and tacrolimus may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tamoxifen: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and tamoxifen may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Telavancin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and telavancin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Tetrabenazine: (Major) Concomitant use of tetrabenazine and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Thalidomide: (Moderate) Thalidomide and other agents that cause peripheral neuropathy such as metronidazole should be used cautiously due to the potential for additive effects.
Thioridazine: (Contraindicated) Avoid concomitant use of metronidazole and thioridazine due to an increased risk for torsade de pointes (TdP) and QT/QTc prolongation.
Tipranavir: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. The Aptivus brand of tipranavir capsules contain alcohol. Administration of Aptivus capsules to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and tolterodine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The risk for tolterodine-associated QT/QTc prolongation may be increased in poor CYP2D6 metabolizers.
Toremifene: (Major) Concomitant use of toremifene and metronidazole increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Trazodone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and trazodone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Triclabendazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of triclabendazole and metronidazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Trifluoperazine: (Minor) QT/QTc prolongation can occur with concomitant use of metronidazole and trifluoperazine although the risk of developing torsade de pointes (TdP) is low. Additional steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, may be considered in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Triptorelin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and androgen deprivation therapy (i.e., triptorelin) may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vandetanib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and vandetanib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Vardenafil: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and vardenafil may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vecuronium: (Minor) Caution is warranted with the coadministration of systemic metronidazole and vecuronium. Metronidazole may potentiate the effects of vecuronium.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and vemurafenib increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Venlafaxine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and venlafaxine may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Voclosporin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and voclosporin may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. The degree of QT prolongation associated with voclosporin is not clinically significant when administered within the recommended dosage range; QT prolongation has been described at three times the maximum recommended dose.
Vonoprazan; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and clarithromycin increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and voriconazole may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Vorinostat: (Moderate) Concomitant use of metronidazole and vorinostat may increase the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) in some patients. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk of QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as avoidance, electrolyte monitoring and repletion, and ECG monitoring, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Monitor prothrombin time and INR and watch for signs of bleeding with concomitant use of systemic metronidazole and warfarin. Warfarin dose adjustments may be necessary. Metronidazole can potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, resulting in prolongation of prothrombin time and increased risk of bleeding.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of metronidazole and ziprasidone increases the risk of QT/QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Avoid concomitant use if possible, especially in patients with additional risk factors for TdP. Consider taking steps to minimize the risk for QT/QTc interval prolongation and TdP, such as electrolyte monitoring and repletion and ECG monitoring, if concomitant use is necessary.
How Supplied
Flagyl ER Oral Tab ER: 750mg
Flagyl RTU/Metronidazole Intravenous Inj Sol: 1mL, 5mg
Flagyl/Metronidazole Oral Cap: 375mg
Flagyl/Metronidazole Oral Tab: 250mg, 500mg
MetroCream/Metronidazole/Noritate/Rosadan/Vitazol Topical Cream: 0.75%, 1%
MetroGel/MetroGel Vaginal/MetroGel-Vaginal/Metronidazole/NUVESSA/Vandazole Vaginal Gel: 0.75%, 1.3%
MetroGel/Metronidazole/Nydamax/Rosadan Topical Gel: 0.75%, 1%
MetroLotion/Metronidazole Topical Lotion: 0.75%
Maximum Dosage
2,250 mg/day IV/PO is usual maximum; however, up to 4 g/day IV/PO in FDA-approved labeling.
2,250 mg/day IV/PO is usual maximum; however, up to 4 g/day IV/PO in FDA-approved labeling.
50 mg/kg/day (Max: 2,250 mg/day) PO; safety and efficacy of IV use have not been established; however, doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 2,250 mg/day) IV have been used off-label.
50 mg/kg/day (Max: 2,250 mg/day) PO; safety and efficacy of IV use have not been established; however, doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (Max: 2,250 mg/day) IV have been used off-label.
50 mg/kg/day PO; safety and efficacy of IV have not been established; however, doses up to 40 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
Postmenstrual age (PMA) older than 40 weeks: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 30 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
PMA 35 to 40 weeks: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 22.5 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
PMA 34 weeks and younger: Safety and efficacy have not been established; however, doses up to 15 mg/kg/day IV have been used off-label.
Mechanism Of Action
Metronidazole is amebicidal, bactericidal, and trichomonicidal. Unionized metronidazole is readily taken up by passive diffusion and activated in the cytoplasm of susceptible anaerobic organisms and cells. Its selectivity for anaerobic bacteria is a result of the ability of these organisms to reduce metronidazole to its active form intracellularly. This process includes intracellular electron transport proteins such as ferredoxin, transfer of an electron to the nitro group of the metronidazole, and formation of a short-lived nitroso free radical. The electron transport proteins necessary for this reaction are found only in anaerobic bacteria. Due to the alteration of the metronidazole molecule, a concentration gradient is created and maintained which promotes the drug's intracellular transport. Reduced metronidazole and free radicals can interact with DNA leading to inhibition of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation. This eventually results in bacterial cell death. Metronidazole is equally effective against dividing and nondividing cells. The precise mechanism of action is unclear.[28581] [52483]
Metronidazole also has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, and it has been used in patients with rosacea. The antimicrobial actions of metronidazole alter the bacterial metabolism of bile acids in the GI tract, decreasing pruritus in patients with cholestasis secondary to primary biliary cirrhosis.[24103]
The susceptibility interpretive criteria for metronidazole are delineated by pathogen. The MICs are defined for anaerobes as susceptible at 8 mcg/mL or less, intermediate at 16 mcg/mL, and resistant at 32 mcg/mL or more.[63320] [63321]
The mechanism of resistance for metronidazole appears to be multifactorial and includes decreased drug uptake, higher efflux activity, and/or altered nitroreductase activity.
Pharmacokinetics
Metronidazole is administered orally, intravenously, intravaginally, and topically. Protein binding is less than 20%. Metronidazole is widely distributed into various body tissues and fluids including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pelvic tissue and peritoneal fluid, pancreas, colorectal tissue, bone, saliva, and gingival fluid. CSF concentrations of metronidazole are similar to plasma concentrations. Bactericidal concentrations of metronidazole have also been detected in pus from hepatic abscesses.
Metronidazole is extensively metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation, oxidation, and glucuronide conjugation. The major metabolite is 2-hydroxymethyl metronidazole, which has some antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity (30% to 65% of metronidazole). The major route of elimination of metronidazole and its metabolites is via the urine (60% to 80% of the dose), with approximately 20% appearing as unchanged metronidazole. Fecal excretion accounts for 6% to 15% of the dose. Metronidazole is cleared by the kidneys at a rate of 10 mL/minute/1.73 m2. The mean elimination half-life is approximately 8 hours.
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: none
Although previously reported as an inhibitor of CYP3A4 based on assumptions inferred from isolated case reports, controlled in vitro and in vivo studies show that metronidazole does not significantly inhibit CYP3A4/5 activity. Additionally, a study in humans examined S-warfarin and tolbutamide as probes for the CYP2C9 isoenzyme. Metronidazole interacted with S-warfarin, but not tolbutamide. This lessens the likelihood of a potential CYP2C9 interaction, which was originally postulated. It is unknown whether metronidazole alters transport proteins.
Immediate-release formulations
Metronidazole is well absorbed after oral administration (bioavailability more than 90%). Peak concentrations (Cmax) occur 1 to 2 hours after administration.
Extended-release tablets
Food increases the rate of absorption. The Cmax occurs approximately 4.6 and 6.8 hours after administration under fed and fasted conditions, respectively.
After IV administration, the plasma concentrations are proportional to the administered dose. An 8-hour IV infusion of 100 to 4,000 mg of metronidazole showed a linear relationship between dose and peak plasma concentration.
Topically applied metronidazole products are only minimally absorbed. Peak concentrations of the lotion are approximately 80 times lower than the peak concentrations of a single 250 mg oral dose. The mean Cmax and AUC are less than 1% of the value reported for a single 250 mg oral dose.
Intravaginal Route
Intravaginally administered metronidazole is absorbed systemically; but peak serum concentrations (Cmax) and exposure (AUC) are 2% and 4%, respectively, of the concentrations achieved with 500 mg oral doses. The Cmax is achieved approximately 9.5 hours (range, 4 to 17 hours) after administration.
Pregnancy And Lactation
Oral metronidazole is contraindicated during the first trimester of pregnancy in patients with trichomoniasis. However, guidelines suggest metronidazole use for trichomoniasis at any stage of pregnancy as studies have not demonstrated an association between metronidazole and teratogenic effects. For indications other than trichomoniasis, avoid metronidazole during pregnancy whenever possible, with use occurring only after careful assessment of the potential risk to benefit ratio. Available data on metronidazole use in pregnant women from published cohort studies, case-control studies, case series, meta-analyses, and case reports over several decades have not established a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. In animal reproductive studies, no adverse developmental effects were demonstrated when oral metronidazole was administered at doses up to 6 times the recommended human dose. While not an animal teratogen, systemically absorbed metronidazole readily crosses the placenta and enters the fetal circulation. Reports in humans are conflicting, and the effects of metronidazole on human fetal organogenesis are not known. In a large population-based cohort study (n = 139,938 live births) assessing antibiotic exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy (n = 15,469 exposures) and the risk of major birth defects, metronidazole use was not associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations or organ specific major congenital malformations. However, in a nested, case-control study (n = 87,020 controls; 8,702 cases) within the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort, metronidazole use during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.7; 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.26; 53 exposed cases); residual confounding by severity of infection may be a potential limitation of this study. There are no data regarding topical or vaginal metronidazole use during pregnancy; however, the mean Cmax and AUC after topical metronidazole 1 g daily for 7 days are less than 1% of those after a single 250 mg oral dose, and the mean Cmax and AUC after a single 5 g vaginal dose are approximately 2% and 4%, respectively, of those after a single 500 mg oral dose.
Metronidazole is excreted into breast milk. Breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment with systemic products. However, guidelines suggest that the usual metronidazole dose for the treatment of trichomoniasis during breast-feeding (500 mg PO twice daily for 7 days) is compatible with breast-feeding; however, consider deferring breast-feeding for 12 to 24 hours after maternal metronidazole use. Previous American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations suggested breast-feeding may be resumed within 24 to 48 hours after the last dose of metronidazole treatment is completed. There are no data on the presence of metronidazole in human milk after intravaginal administration. Because of the possibility of some systemic absorption after intravaginal administration, interrupt breast-feeding for 48 hours after the last intravaginal dose and feed the infant with previously stored human breast milk or formula. The 0.75% vaginal gel achieves 2% of the mean maximum serum concentration of a 500 mg oral dose. Breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment with topical metronidazole. Metronidazole is a mutagen in vitro and has been shown to be carcinogenic in animal studies. In general, increased oral and rectal Candida colonization and loose stools have been reported in infants exposed to metronidazole via breast milk. In a study of 3 patients that received a single 2 g oral dose, peak milk concentrations ranged between 50 and 60 mcg/mL at 2 to 4 hours after the dose. If breast-feeding were to continue, the estimated infant exposure during the next 48 hours would be 25.3 mg; if breast-feeding was interrupted for 12 hours, the estimated 48-hour exposure would be 9.8 mg, and if breast-feeding was interrupted for 24 hours, the estimated 48 hour exposure would be 3.5 mg. In studies of women receiving 600 mg/day, metronidazole milk concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 15.2 mcg/mL and in patients receiving 1,200 mg/day concentrations ranged from 9.02 to 15.52 mcg/mL. The mean milk:plasma ratio in both groups was approximately 1, and the mean plasma concentrations in the exposed infants were approximately 20% of the maternal plasma concentration. Depending on the indication, oral vancomycin, amoxicillin; clavulanate, ampicillin; sulbactam, or clindamycin (systemic or intravaginal) may be potential alternatives to consider during breast-feeding. Assess site of infection, patient factors, local susceptibility patterns, and specific microbial susceptibility before choosing an alternative agent. Vancomycin is excreted in breast milk; however, absorption from the GI tract of any ingested vancomycin would be minimal. Alternative antimicrobials that previous AAP recommendations considered as usually compatible with breast-feeding include clindamycin and penicillins.