Amturnide

Diuretic, Direct Renin Inhibitor, and Calcium Channel Blocker Combinations

Oral Administration

May be given with or without food. However, administer consistently with or without meals; high fat meals can significantly decrease drug absorption and may alter the clinical efficacy.

Severe

hyperkalemia / Delayed / 3.0-3.0
atrial fibrillation / Early / 0-1.0
vasculitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
ventricular tachycardia / Early / 0-1.0
arrhythmia exacerbation / Early / 0-1.0
bradycardia / Rapid / 0-1.0
pancreatitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
seizures / Delayed / 0-1.0
visual impairment / Early / 0-1.0
teratogenesis / Delayed / Incidence not known
angioedema / Rapid / Incidence not known
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid / Incidence not known
pulmonary edema / Early / Incidence not known
interstitial nephritis / Delayed / Incidence not known
azotemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
renal failure (unspecified) / Delayed / Incidence not known
aplastic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hemolytic anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
agranulocytosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
ocular hypertension / Delayed / Incidence not known
exfoliative dermatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
erythema multiforme / Delayed / Incidence not known
toxic epidermal necrolysis / Delayed / Incidence not known
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Delayed / Incidence not known

Moderate

hypokalemia / Delayed / 11.0-11.0
peripheral edema / Delayed / 7.1-7.1
elevated hepatic enzymes / Delayed / 2.7-2.7
orthostatic hypotension / Delayed / 0-1.0
chest pain (unspecified) / Early / 0-1.0
leukopenia / Delayed / 0-1.0
thrombocytopenia / Delayed / 0-1.0
constipation / Delayed / 0-1.0
dysphagia / Delayed / 0-1.0
gingival hyperplasia / Delayed / 0-1.0
peripheral neuropathy / Delayed / 0-1.0
conjunctivitis / Delayed / 0-1.0
erythema / Early / 0-1.0
depression / Delayed / 0-1.0
dyspnea / Early / 0-1.0
hypotension / Rapid / 0.3-0.3
pneumonitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
metabolic alkalosis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyponatremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypomagnesemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypochloremia / Delayed / Incidence not known
glycosuria / Early / Incidence not known
hyperglycemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperuricemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
nephrolithiasis / Delayed / Incidence not known
gout / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypertriglyceridemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
hypercholesterolemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
cholestasis / Delayed / Incidence not known
hepatitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
jaundice / Delayed / Incidence not known
hyperbilirubinemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
anemia / Delayed / Incidence not known
sialadenitis / Delayed / Incidence not known
myopia / Delayed / Incidence not known
blurred vision / Early / Incidence not known
xanthopsia / Delayed / Incidence not known
impotence (erectile dysfunction) / Delayed / Incidence not known

Mild

dizziness / Early / 3.6-3.6
headache / Early / 3.6-3.6
pharyngitis / Delayed / 2.6-2.6
diarrhea / Early / 2.3-2.3
dyspepsia / Early / 0-2.0
pruritus / Rapid / 0-2.0
asthenia / Delayed / 0-2.0
muscle cramps / Delayed / 0-2.0
cough / Delayed / 1.1-1.1
syncope / Early / 0-1.0
increased urinary frequency / Early / 0-1.0
nocturia / Early / 0-1.0
purpura / Delayed / 0-1.0
anorexia / Delayed / 0-1.0
xerostomia / Early / 0-1.0
vomiting / Early / 0-1.0
flatulence / Early / 0-1.0
tremor / Early / 0-1.0
paresthesias / Delayed / 0-1.0
vertigo / Early / 0-1.0
tinnitus / Delayed / 0-1.0
diplopia / Early / 0-1.0
diaphoresis / Early / 0-1.0
maculopapular rash / Early / 0-1.0
myalgia / Early / 0-1.0
weight loss / Delayed / 0-1.0
arthralgia / Delayed / 0-1.0
flushing / Rapid / 0-1.0
malaise / Early / 0-1.0
weight gain / Delayed / 0-1.0
back pain / Delayed / 0-1.0
insomnia / Early / 0-1.0
nightmares / Early / 0-1.0
anxiety / Delayed / 0-1.0
epistaxis / Delayed / 0-1.0
fever / Early / Incidence not known
photosensitivity / Delayed / Incidence not known
urticaria / Rapid / Incidence not known
abdominal pain / Early / Incidence not known
gastroesophageal reflux / Delayed / Incidence not known
restlessness / Early / Incidence not known
ocular pain / Early / Incidence not known
gynecomastia / Delayed / Incidence not known
libido decrease / Delayed / Incidence not known

Pregnancy

Aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide is classified in FDA pregnancy risk category D. Once pregnancy is detected, every effort should be made to discontinue aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide therapy. The use of drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters can cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and even death. Drugs such as ACE inhibitors have been associated with fetal and neonatal injury when administered to pregnant women. The reported adverse fetal and neonatal effects include low blood pressure, neonatal skull hypoplasia and craniofacial deformation, fetal limb contractures, hypoplastic lung development, anuria, oligohydramnios, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to exposure to the drug. Women taking aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide should tell their healthcare professionals if they are planning to become pregnant or think they might be pregnant. Inform women of reproductive age about the potential fetal risks of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide exposure throughout pregnancy. While it was previously thought that adverse effects do not result from first-trimester drug exposure, an observational study based on Tennessee Medicaid data reported that the risk of congenital malformations is significantly increased during first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. However, a much larger observational study (n = 465,754) found that the risk of birth defects was similar in newborns exposed to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester, in those exposed to other antihypertensives during the first trimester, and in those whose mothers were hypertensive but were not treated. Newborns born to mothers with hypertension, either treated or untreated, had a higher risk of birth defects than those born to mothers without hypertension. The authors concluded that the presence of hypertension likely contributed to the development of birth defects rather than the use of medications. Pregnant women should only be prescribed drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system if the expected benefits clearly exceed the potential risks. Rarely (probably less often than once per every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to this type of medications will be found. In these rare cases, the pregnant women should be apprised of the potential hazards to their fetus, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intraamniotic environment. In addition, hydrochlorothiazide crosses the placenta and neonatal jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and possible other reactions reported in adults may occur with the maternal use of thiazide diuretics.

Amturnide

Rx

Combination direct renin inhibitor (aliskiren), dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker (amlodipine), and thiazide diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide)
Used for hypertension
Black box warning for use during pregnancy

For the treatment of hypertension.
NOTE: Aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide is not indicated for initial therapy of hypertension.
Oral dosage Adults and Geriatric patients <= 74 years

1 tablet PO once daily. The combination product may be substituted for the individually titrated components or as add-on/switch therapy in patients not achieving optimal blood pressure control with any 2 of the following: aliskiren, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics. When necessary, the dose may be titrated after 2 weeks of therapy to a maximum of 300 mg aliskiren; 10 mg amlodipine; 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide. A patient who experiences dose-limiting adverse reactions while taking 2 of the individual components may be switched to the combination product at a lower dose of the component causing the ADR to achieve similar blood pressure reductions.

Geriatric patients >= 75 years

1 tablet PO once daily. The combination product may be substituted for the individually titrated components or as add-on/switch therapy in patients not achieving optimal blood pressure control with any 2 of the following: aliskiren, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers, and thiazide diuretics. If the patient is currently stable on a thiazide diuretic and aliskiren, and amlodipine is to be initiated, the initial recommended dose of amlodipine is 2.5 mg/day PO. The lowest available dose of amlodipine in Amturnide is 5 mg. Therefore, the triple combination should not be used until the the patient is taking amlodipine 5 mg PO once daily. When necessary, the dose may be titrated after 2 weeks of therapy to a maximum of 300 mg aliskiren; 10 mg amlodipine; 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide. A patient who experiences dose-limiting adverse reactions while taking 2 of the individual components may be switched to the combination product at a lower dose of the component causing the ADR to achieve similar blood pressure reductions.

Hepatic Impairment

No initial dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic disease. In patients with severely impaired hepatic function, an initial amlodipine dose of 2.5 mg PO once daily is recommended since amlodipine is extensively metabolized by the liver. Of note, the lowest available dose of amlodipine in Amturnide is 5 mg. In general, diuretics should be titrated slowly in patients with hepatic disease since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.

Renal Impairment

CrCl >= 30 ml/min: No dosage adjustments needed. Titrate hydrochlorothiazide slowly as azotemia may be precipitated.
CrCl < 30 ml/min: The safety and efficacy of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide have not been established in patients with severe renal impairment. In general, loop diuretics are preferred to thiazides in this population as thiazides are not effective in severe renal impairment.

Acarbose: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Acebutolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Acetaminophen; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Acetaminophen; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine; Phenyltoloxamine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Acetaminophen; Dichloralphenazone; Isometheptene: Isometheptene has sympathomimetic properties. Patients taking antihypertensive agents may need to have their therapy modified. Careful blood pressure monitoring is recommended.
Acetaminophen; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Acetaminophen; Propoxyphene: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as propoxyphene, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when propoxyphene is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Acetaminophen; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Acetazolamide: Acetazolamide promotes electrolyte excretion including hydrogen ions, sodium, and potassium. It can enhance the sodium depleting effects of other diuretics when used concurrently. Pre-existing hypokalemia and hyperuricemia can also be potentiated by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Monitor serum potassium to determine the need for potassium supplementation and alteration in drug therapy.
Acetohexamide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Acrivastine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Albiglutide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Albuterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Albuterol; Ipratropium: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: Calcium channel blockers may potentiate the hypotension seen with aldesleukin, IL 2. Thiazide diuretics may potentiate the hypotension seen with aldesleukin, IL 2.
Alemtuzumab: Alemtuzumab may cause hypotension. Careful monitoring of blood pressure and hypotensive symptoms is recommended especially in patients with ischemic heart disease and in patients on antihypertensive agents.
Alendronate; Cholecalciferol: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Alfentanil: Alfentanil may cause bradycardia. The risk of significant hypotension and/or bradycardia during therapy with alfentanil is increased in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers. In addition to additive hypotensive effects, calcium-channel blockers that are CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil) can theoretically decrease hepatic metabolism of some opiates (CYP3A4 substrates), such as alfentanil. Diltiazem increases the half-life of alfentanil by 50% via inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 metabolism and may delay tracheal extubation after anesthesia. Reduced clearance of alfentanil should be considered when recovery from alfentanil infusions for anesthesia is evaluated in patients receiving concurrent diltiazem therapy. Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Aliskiren; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Allopurinol: The occurrence of certain hypersensitivity reactions may be increased in patients with renal impairment who receive allopurinol and thiazide diuretics in combination. The precise mechanism for such events is unclear but likely immune-mediated and may be related to an effect of oxypurinol; elevated oxypurinol concentrations appear to be associated with hypersensitivity reactions; decreased clearance of this metabolite may occur with renal impairment and with the concurrent use of thiazide diuretics. Severe skin reactions include exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Steven's Johnson syndrome; some reactions have been fatal. In addition, thiazide diuretics, like hydrochlorothiazide, can cause hyperuricemia. Since thiazides reduce the clearance of uric acid, patients with gout or hyperuricemia may have exacerbations of their disease.
Alogliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Alogliptin; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as pioglitazone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Alprostadil: The concomitant use of systemic alprostadil injection and antihypertensive agents, like calcium channel blockers, may cause additive hypotension. Caution is advised with this combination. Systemic drug interactions with the urethral suppository (MUSE) or alprostadil intracavernous injection are unlikely in most patients because low or undetectable amounts of the drug are found in the peripheral venous circulation following administration. In those men with significant corpora cavernosa venous leakage, hypotension might be more likely. Use caution with in-clinic dosing for erectile dysfunction (ED) and monitor for the effects on blood pressure. In addition, the presence of medications in the circulation that attenuate erectile function may influence the response to alprostadil. However, in clinical trials with alprostadil intracavernous injection, anti-hypertensive agents had no apparent effect on the safety and efficacy of alprostadil. The concomitant use of systemic alprostadil injection and antihypertensive agents, such as thiazide diuretics, may cause additive hypotension. Caution is advised with this combination. Systemic drug interactions with the urethral suppository (MUSE) or alprostadil intracavernous injection are unlikely in most patients because low or undetectable amounts of the drug are found in the peripheral venous circulation following administration. In those men with significant corpora cavernosa venous leakage, hypotension might be more likely. Use caution with in-clinic dosing for erectile dysfunction (ED) and monitor for the effects on blood pressure. In addition, the presence of medications in the circulation that attenuate erectile function may influence the response to alprostadil. However, in clinical trials with alprostadil intracavernous injection, anti-hypertensive agents had no apparent effect on the safety and efficacy of alprostadil.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia.
Aluminum Hydroxide; Magnesium Hydroxide; Simethicone: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia.
Amantadine: Hydrochlorothiazide can reduce the renal clearance of amantadine, with subsequent increased serum concentrations and possible toxicity. This interaction has been reported with a combination product of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene. Since it is unclear which component was responsible for the interaction, caution should be exercised when administering either drug concurrently with amantadine.
Amifostine: Patients receiving antihypertensive agents should be closely monitored during amifostine infusions due to additive effects. If possible, patients should not take their antihypertensive medication 24 hours before receiving amifostine. Patients who can not stop their antihypertensive agents should not receive amifostine or be closely monitored during the infusion and, possibly, given lower doses. Patients receiving antihypertensive agents should be closely monitored during amifostine infusions due to additive effects. If possible, patients should not take their antihypertensive medication 24 hours before receiving amifostine. Patients who can not stop their antihypertensive agents should not receive amifostine or be closely monitored during the infusion and, possibly, given lower doses.
Amiloride: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Amiodarone: Since antiarrhythmic drugs may be ineffective or may be arrhythmogenic in patients with hypokalemia, any potassium or magnesium deficiency should be corrected before instituting and during amiodarone therapy. Use caution when coadministering amiodarone with drugs which may induce hypokalemia and, or hypomagnesemia including thiazide diuretics. Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as amiodarone, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when amiodarone is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: Coadministration of atorvastatin resulted in an approximate 50% increase in aliskiren Cmax and AUC after multiple doses; the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin were not affected. Monitor blood pressure in patients taking both of these medications.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Amobarbital: Concurrent use of amobarbital with antihypertensive agents may lead to hypotension. Monitor for decreases in blood pressure during times of coadministration.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole: Coadministration of clarithromycin and calcium-channel blockers should be avoided if possible, particularly in geriatric patients, due to an increased risk of hypotension and acute kidney injury. Most reports of acute kidney injury were with the combination of clarithromycin with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 and involved elderly patients at least 65 years of age. Clarithromycin may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine, and verapamil) via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. A retrospective, case cross-over study, found the risk of hospitalization due to hypotension or shock to be significantly increased in geriatric patients exposed to clarithromycin during concurrent calcium-channel blocker therapy (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.3-6.1). Concurrent use of azithromycin was not associated with an increased risk of hypotension (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.8-2.8). One case of a possible verapamil-clarithromycin interaction was reported, which was associated with hypotension. If the use of a macrolide antibiotic is necessary in a patient receiving calcium-channel blocker therapy, azithromycin is the preferred agent. Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: Coadministration of clarithromycin and calcium-channel blockers should be avoided if possible, particularly in geriatric patients, due to an increased risk of hypotension and acute kidney injury. Most reports of acute kidney injury were with the combination of clarithromycin with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 and involved elderly patients at least 65 years of age. Clarithromycin may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine, and verapamil) via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. A retrospective, case cross-over study, found the risk of hospitalization due to hypotension or shock to be significantly increased in geriatric patients exposed to clarithromycin during concurrent calcium-channel blocker therapy (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.3-6.1). Concurrent use of azithromycin was not associated with an increased risk of hypotension (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.8-2.8). One case of a possible verapamil-clarithromycin interaction was reported, which was associated with hypotension. If the use of a macrolide antibiotic is necessary in a patient receiving calcium-channel blocker therapy, azithromycin is the preferred agent. Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Amphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Salts: Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents, such as calcium-channel blockers. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed. Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents. Due to the risk of unopposed alpha-adrenergic activity, amphetamines should be used cautiously with beta-blockers. Increased blood pressure, bradycardia, or heart block may occur due to excessive alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation. In particular, amphetamines can inhibit the antihypertensive response to guanadrel, an adrenergic antagonist that causes depletion of norepinephrine in the synapse. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed.
Amphotericin B cholesteryl sulfate complex (ABCD): The risk of developing severe hypokalemia can be increased when amphotericin B is coadministered with thiazide diuretics. Monitoring serum potassium levels and cardiac function is advised, and potassium supplementation may be required.
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): The risk of developing severe hypokalemia can be increased when amphotericin B is coadministered with thiazide diuretics. Monitoring serum potassium levels and cardiac function is advised, and potassium supplementation may be required.
Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB): The risk of developing severe hypokalemia can be increased when amphotericin B is coadministered with thiazide diuretics. Monitoring serum potassium levels and cardiac function is advised, and potassium supplementation may be required.
Amphotericin B: The risk of developing severe hypokalemia can be increased when amphotericin B is coadministered with thiazide diuretics. Monitoring serum potassium levels and cardiac function is advised, and potassium supplementation may be required.
Amprenavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Amyl Nitrite: Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Anticholinergics: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Apomorphine: Patients receiving apomorphine may experience orthostatic hypotension, hypotension, and/or syncope. Extreme caution should be exercised if apomorphine is used concurrently with antihypertensive agents, or vasodilators such as nitrates.
Apraclonidine: Alpha blockers as a class may reduce heart rate and blood pressure. While no specific drug interactions have been identified with systemic agents and apraclonidine during clinical trials, it is theoretically possible that additive blood pressure reductions could occur when apraclonidine is combined with the use of antihypertensive agents. Patients using cardiovascular drugs concomitantly with apraclonidine should have their pulse and blood pressure monitored periodically. Alpha blockers as a class may reduce heart rate and blood pressure. While no specific drug interactions have been identified with systemic agents and apraclonidine during clinical trials, it is theoretically possible that additive blood pressure reductions could occur when apraclonidine is combined with the use of antihypertensive agents. Patients using cardiovascular drugs concomitantly with apraclonidine should have their pulse and blood pressure monitored periodically.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: Use caution if aliskiren and aprepitant, fosaprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for an increase in aliskiren-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of aliskiren. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important. Use caution if amlodipine and a multi-day regimen of oral aprepitant are used concurrently; monitor for an increase in amlodipine-related adverse effects for several days after administration. Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may increase plasma concentrations of amlodipine. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Arformoterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Aripiprazole: Aripiprazole may enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents.
Armodafinil: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as armodafinil are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Arsenic Trioxide: Avoid concomitant use of arsenic trioxide with thiazide diuretics. Electrolyte abnormalities, such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, may increase the risk for QT prolongation and torsade de pointes. Monitor electrocardiograms and serum electrolytes more frequently if concurrent use cannot be avoided.
Articaine; Epinephrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives such as metolazone when administered concomitantly.
Asenapine: Secondary to alpha-blockade, asenapine can produce vasodilation that may result in additive effects during concurrent use of antihypertensive agents. The potential reduction in blood pressure can precipitate orthostatic hypotension and associated dizziness, tachycardia, and syncope. If concurrent use of asenapine and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Atazanavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with atazanavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. Coadministration of cobicistat (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) with calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, may result in elevated calcium-channel blockers serum concentrations. If used concurrently, close clinical monitoring with appropriate dose reductions are advised. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with atazanavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Atazanavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Atenolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Atorvastatin: Coadministration of atorvastatin resulted in an approximate 50% increase in aliskiren Cmax and AUC after multiple doses; the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin were not affected. Monitor blood pressure in patients taking both of these medications.
Atorvastatin; Ezetimibe: Coadministration of atorvastatin resulted in an approximate 50% increase in aliskiren Cmax and AUC after multiple doses; the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin were not affected. Monitor blood pressure in patients taking both of these medications.
Atracurium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Atropine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Atropine; Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Atropine; Difenoxin: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Atropine; Diphenoxylate: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Atropine; Edrophonium: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Atropine; Hyoscyamine; Phenobarbital; Scopolamine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Avanafil: Avanafil is a substrate of and primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Particular caution should be used when prescribing avanafil to patients receiving concomitant CYP3A4 substrates, such as amlodipine. Coadministration of avanafil with amlodipine increased the Cmax and AUC of avanafil by approximately 22% and 70%, respectively. The half-life of avanafil was prolonged to approximately 10 hrs. The Cmax and AUC of amlodipine decreased by approximately 9% and 4%, respectively. In addition, in a clinical pharmacology trial, additional reductions in blood pressure of 3 to 5 mmHg occurred following co-administration of a single avanafil (200 mg) dose with amlodipine compared with placebo. Patients should be monitored carefully and drug dosages should be adjusted based on clinical response.
Axitinib: Use caution if coadministration of axitinib with amlodipine is necessary, due to the risk of increased axitinib-related adverse reactions. Axitinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a strong CYP3A4/5 inhibitor, ketoconazole, significantly increased the plasma exposure of axitinib in healthy volunteers.The manufacturer of axitinib recommends a dose reduction in patients receiving strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, but recommendations are not available for moderate or weak CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Azelaic Acid; Copper; Folic Acid; Nicotinamide; Pyridoxine; Zinc: Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially calcium-channel blockers. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise.
Azilsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Baclofen: Baclofen has been associated with hypotension. Concurrent use with baclofen and antihypertensive agents may result in additive hypotension. Dosage adjustments of the antihypertensive medication may be required.
Barbiturates: Barbiturates may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine, and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers; monitor blood pressure closely. Barbiturates may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Belladonn

a Alkaloids; Ergotamine; Phenobarbital: Because of the potential to cause coronary vasospasm , ergotamine theoretically could antagonize the therapeutic effects of calcium-channel blockers. Clinicians should also note that calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of ergotamine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Belladonna; Opium: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Benazepril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Benzonatate: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents.
Benzphetamine: Benzphetamine can increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of calcium-channel blockers. This represents a pharmacodynamic, and not a pharmacokinetic, interaction. Close monitoring of blood pressure, especially in patients who are taking antihypertensive agents, may be needed
Benztropine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Beta-agonists: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Beta-blockers: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Betaxolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Bexarotene: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as bexarotene, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Bisoprolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Black Cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa: Actein and certain acids isolated from the rhizome of Cimicifuga spp. have been noted to antagonize the influx of calcium and norepinephrine-induced contraction of the aorta in rats. Black cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa has potentiated the effects of antihypertensive medications in some animal studies, and actein may have peripheral vasodilatory activity. Clinical reports of interactions between black cohosh and antihypertensive agents in humans are not available, and remain theoretical. However, isolated cases of hypertension or hypotension have been reported with black cohosh use.
Boceprevir: Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering aliskiren with boceprevir due to an increased potential for aliskiren-related adverse events. If aliskiren dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of boceprevir treatment. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of aliskiren. Aliskiren is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated aliskiren plasma concentrations. Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering amlodipine with boceprevir due to an increased potential for amlodipine-related adverse events. A reduction in the dose of amlodipine may be considered. If amlodipine dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of boceprevir treatment. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of amlodipine. Amlodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated amlodipine plasma concentrations.
Bortezomib: Patients on antihypertensive agents receiving bortezomib treatment may require close monitoring of their blood pressure and dosage adjustment of their medication. During clinical trials of bortezomib, hypotension was reported in roughly 12 percent of patients.
Bosentan: Although no specific interactions have been documented, bosentan has vasodilatory effects and may contribute additive hypotensive effects when given with calcium-channel blockers. In addition, bosentan may induce hepatic metabolism of calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 isoenzymes. Diltiazem and verapamil have potential to inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism of bosentan. Bosentan has been shown to have no pharmacokinetic interactions with nimodipine. Although no specific interactions have been documented, bosentan has vasodilatory effects and may contribute additive hypotensive effects when given with diuretics.
Brexpiprazole: Due to brexpiprazole's antagonism at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents.
Brimonidine; Timolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Bromocriptine: Bromocriptine has only minimal affinity for adrenergic receptors; however, hypotension can occur during bromocriptine administration. Orthostatic hypotension occurs in 6% of acromegaly patients receiving the drug. Hypotension occurred frequently (approximately 30%) in postpartum studies, which in rare cases approached a decline in supine pressure of almost 60 mmHg. It is unknown if bromocriptine is the exact cause of this effect. However, the drug should be used cautiously with other medications known to lower blood pressure such as antihypertensive agents. Monitoring of blood pressure should be considered, especially during the initial weeks of concomitant therapy.
Brompheniramine; Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Brompheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Budesonide; Formoterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Bumetanide: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of loop-diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency. When aliskiren is administered in combination with furosemide, the AUC and Cmax of furosemide are reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively; the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren are not affected. Patients should be monitored for loss of effect of furosemide when aliskiren is initiated. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored.
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: Concomitant use of systemic lidocaine and amlodipine may increase lidocaine plasma concentrations by decreasing lidocaine clearance and therefore prolonging the elimination half-life. Monitor for lidocaine toxicity if used together. Lidocaine is a CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrate; amlodipine inhibits CYP3A4.
Buprenorphine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Buprenorphine; Naloxone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Cabergoline: Cabergoline has minimal affinity for adrenergic receptors; however, it has been associated with hypotension in some instances. Cabergoline should be used cautiously in those receiving antihypertensive agents.
Cabozantinib: Monitor for an increase in aliskiren-related adverse events if concomitant use with cabozantinib is necessary, as plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be increased. Cabozantinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a substrate of P-gp; the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Caffeine; Ergotamine: Because of the potential to cause coronary vasospasm , ergotamine theoretically could antagonize the therapeutic effects of calcium-channel blockers. Clinicians should also note that calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of ergotamine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Calcium Carbonate; Magnesium Hydroxide: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia.
Calcium Phosphate, Supersaturated: Concomitant use of medicines with potential to alter renal perfusion or function such as diuretics, may increase the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients taking sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate; sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous.
Calcium: The simultaneous administration of thiazide diuretics and calcium salts or calcium carbonate may lead to hypercalcemia. Thiazides cause a decrease in renal tubular excretion of calcium as well as increase in distal tubular reabsorption. Moderate increases in serum calcium have been seen during the treatment with thiazides; if calcium salts are used concomitantly, careful monitoring of serum calcium in recommended.
Calcium; Vitamin D: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Canagliflozin: When canagliflozin is initiated in patients already receiving diuretics, symptomatic hypotension can occur. Patients with impaired renal function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), low systolic blood pressure, or who are elderly may also be at a greater risk. Before initiating canagliflozin in patients with one or more of these characteristics, volume status should be assessed and corrected. Monitor for signs and symptoms after initiating therapy. In addition, thiazide diuretics, can also decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose concentrations. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. Thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients receiving canagliflozin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. When canagliflozin is initiated in patients already receiving diuretics, symptomatic hypotension can occur. Patients with impaired renal function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), low systolic blood pressure, or who are elderly may also be at a greater risk. Before initiating canagliflozin in patients with one or more of these characteristics, volume status should be assessed and corrected. Monitor for signs and symptoms after initiating therapy. In addition, thiazide diuretics, can also decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose concentrations. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. Thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients receiving canagliflozin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Candesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Captopril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Carbamazepine: Both thiazide diuretics and carbamazepine are associated with hyponatremia. Coadministration may result in an additive risk of developing hyponatremia. When concurrent therapy with a thiazide diuretic and carbamazepine is necessary, monitor patients for hyponatremia. Carbamazepine may induce the hepatic metabolism of calcium-channel blockers by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme; which reduces the oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Carbetapentane; Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbetapentane; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbetapentane; Phenylephrine; Pyrilamine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbetapentane; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Carbidopa; Levodopa: Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Carbidopa; Levodopa; Entacapone: Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Carbinoxamine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Carbinoxamine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Carbinoxamine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Cardiac glycosides: Thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypercalcemia which may increase digoxin's pharmacologic effect. Close monitoring of serum digoxin concentrations is essential to avoid enhanced toxicity. It is also recommended that serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium be monitored regularly in patients receiving digoxin.
Cariprazine: Orthostatic vital signs should be monitored in patients who are at risk for hypotension, such as those receiving cariprazine in combination with antihypertensive agents. Atypical antipsychotics may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope, most commonly during treatment initiation and dosage increases. Patients should be informed about measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning, or rising slowly from a seated position. Consider a cariprazine dose reduction if hypotension occurs.
Carteolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Carvedilol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Celecoxib: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Cetirizine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlophedianol; Dexchlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlophedianol; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Chloramphenicol: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as chloramphenicol, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when chloramphenicol is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Chloroprocaine: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Chlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlorpheniramine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Chlorpheniramine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Chlorpropamide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Cholecalciferol, Vitamin D3: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Cholestyramine: Cholestyramine, an ion exchange resin, binds hydrochlorothiazide and reduces its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85% when co-administered as single doses. Although the manufacturer for Questran recommends that other medicines be taken at least 1 hour before or 4-6 hours after cholestyramine, it has been recommended that thiazides be administered at least 4 hours before or after cholestyramine to minimize the reduction in absorption. By administering hydrochlorothiazide at least 4 hours before cholestyramine, the decrease in absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is approximately 30-35%.
Chondroitin; Glucosamine: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Cidofovir: The administration of cidofovir with another potentially nephrotoxic agent, such as diuretics, is contraindicated. Diuretics should be discontinued at least 7 days prior to beginning cidofovir.
Ciprofloxacin: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as ciprofloxacin, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when ciprofloxacin is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ciprofloxacin. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ciprofloxacin is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Cisapride: Cisapride should be used with great caution in patients receiving thiazide diuretics. Drugs that are associated with depletion of electrolytes may cause cisapride-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Serum electrolytes and creatinine should be assessed prior to administration of cisapride and whenever conditions develop that may affect electrolyte imbalance or renal function.
Cisatracurium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Citalopram: Citalopram causes dose-dependent QT interval prolongation. Concurrent use of citalopram and medications known to cause electrolyte imbalance may increase the risk of developing QT prolongation. Therefore, caution is advisable during concurrent use of citalopram and diuretics. In addition, patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with citalopram may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of citalopram should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Citric Acid; Potassium Citrate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Citric Acid; Potassium Citrate; Sodium Citrate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Clarithromycin: Coadministration of clarithromycin and calcium-channel blockers should be avoided if possible, particularly in geriatric patients, due to an increased risk of hypotension and acute kidney injury. Most reports of acute kidney injury were with the combination of clarithromycin with calcium channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4 and involved elderly patients at least 65 years of age. Clarithromycin may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine, and verapamil) via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. A retrospective, case cross-over study, found the risk of hospitalization due to hypotension or shock to be significantly increased in geriatric patients exposed to clarithromycin during concurrent calcium-channel blocker therapy (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.3-6.1). Concurrent use of azithromycin was not associated with an increased risk of hypotension (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.8-2.8). One case of a possible verapamil-clarithromycin interaction was reported, which was associated with hypotension. If the use of a macrolide antibiotic is necessary in a patient receiving calcium-channel blocker therapy, azithromycin is the preferred agent.
Clindamycin; Tretinoin: A manufacturer of topical tretinoin states that tretinoin, ATRA should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as thiazide diuretics, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Clobazam: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as clobazam, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Clopidogrel: Administer clopidogrel and amlodipine together with caution and monitor for reduced therapeutic response to clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps. The CYP3A4 isoenzyme is involved in one of the metabolic steps. Amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and may decrease the hepatic metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite. In a study of 200 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coadministration with a calcium-channel blocker (CCB) was associated with a reduced response to clopidogrel. Concomitant use of a CCB was also associated with a worse clinical outcome with the primary end point, a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and revascularization (PCI or CABG surgery), occurring more frequently in patients receiving a concomitant CCB. Amlodipine represented the largest subgroup of CCBs in the study, therefore it is unknown if these results can be applied to all CCBs. Another study compared concomitant use of amlodipine, a non-P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibiting CCB, with concomitant use of a P-gp inhibiting CCB (e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem) on the effect of clopidogrel. Only amlodipine was associated with a poor response to clopidogrel suggesting the interaction between amlodipine and clopidogrel may be more clinically relevant compared to P-gp inhibiting CCBs. The authors theorized that by inhibiting P-gp, the intestinal efflux of clopidogrel may be decreased, thereby increasing clopidogrel plasma concentrations and counteracting the effect of CCB-induced CYP3A4 inhibition.
Clozapine: Caution is advisable during concurrent use of clozapine and thiazide diuretics. Clozapine used concomitantly with the antihypertensive agents can increase the risk and severity of hypotension by potentiating the effect of the antihypertensive drug. Treatment with clozapine has been associated with QT prolongation, torsade de pointes (TdP), cardiac arrest, and sudden death. Concurrent use of clozapine and medications known to cause electrolyte imbalance may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Clozapine used concomitantly with the antihypertensive agents can increase the risk and severity of hypotension by potentiating the effect of the antihypertensive drug.
Cobicistat: Coadministration of cobicistat (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) with calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, may result in elevated calcium-channel blockers serum concentrations. If used concurrently, close clinical monitoring with appropriate dose reductions are advised. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Cobicistat; Elvitegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: Coadministration of cobicistat (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) with calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, may result in elevated calcium-channel blockers serum concentrations. If used concurrently, close clinical monitoring with appropriate dose reductions are advised. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Cobicistat; Elvitegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: Coadministration of cobicistat (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) with calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, may result in elevated calcium-channel blockers serum concentrations. If used concurrently, close clinical monitoring with appropriate dose reductions are advised. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate.
Cod Liver Oil: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine. Fish oil supplements may cause mild, dose-dependent reductions in systolic or diastolic blood pressure in untreated hypertensive patients. Relatively high doses of fish oil are required to produce any blood pressure lowering effect. Additive reductions in blood pressure may be seen when fish oils are used in a patient already taking antihypertensive agents. High doses of fish oil supplements may produce a blood pressure lowering effect. It is possible that additive reductions in blood pressure may be seen when fish oils are used in a patient already taking antihypertensive agents.
Codeine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Codeine; Promethazine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Co-Enzyme Q10, Ubiquinone: Co-enzyme Q10, ubiquinone (CoQ10) may lower blood pressure. CoQ10 use in combination with antihypertensive agents may lead to additional reductions in blood pressure in some individuals. Patients who choose to take CoQ10 concurrently with antihypertensive medications should receive periodic blood pressure monitoring. Patients should be advised to inform their prescriber of their use of CoQ10.
Colestipol: Although to a lesser extent than cholestyramine, colestipol also has been shown to inhibit the GI absorption and therapeutic response of thiazide diuretics. Single doses of colestipol resins reduce the absorption of HCTZ by up to 43%. Administering thiazide diuretics at least 2 hours before colestipol has been suggested to minimize the interaction.
Conivaptan: Avoid concomitant use of conivaptan, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, and amlodipine, a CYP3A4 substrate. Oral conivaptan 40 mg twice daily has resulted in a 2-fold increase in the AUC and half-life of amlodipine. According to the manufacturer of conivaptan, concomitant use of conivaptan with drugs that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, should be avoided. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates may be initiated no sooner than 1 week after completion of conivaptan therapy. Based on the pharmacology of conivaptan, there is potential for additive hypotensive effects when coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Intravenous infusion of conivaptan has been associated with orthostatic hypotension. Monitor blood pressure and fluid volume status closely in patients receiving conivaptan infusion. Avoid concurrent use of conivaptan and aliskiren. Coadministration of conivaptan and aliskiren may result in increased serum concentrations of aliskiren. Conivaptan inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Coadministration of conivaptan with other CYP3A substrates (midazolam, simvastatin, amlodipine) has resulted in increased mean AUC values (2 to 3 times). Theoretically, similar pharmacokinetic effects could be seen with aliskiren. Subsequent treatment with CYP3A substrates, such as aliskiren, may be initiated no sooner than 1 week after completion of conivaptan therapy. There is potential for additive hypotensive effects when conivaptan is coadministered with antihypertensive agents.
Corticosteroids: Additive hypokalemia may occur when non-potassium sparing diuretics, including thiazide diuretics, are coadministered with other drugs with a significant risk of hypokalemia, such as corticosteroids. Monitoring serum potassium levels and cardiac function is advised, and potassium sup plementation may be required.
Cosyntropin: Use cosyntropin cautiously in patients receiving diuretics. Cosyntropin may accentuate the electrolyte loss associated with diuretic therapy.
Crizotinib: Concomitant use of crizotinib and amlodipine may result in increased amlodipine concentrations. Crizotinib is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (PGP) inhibitor, while amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Monitor patients for toxicity, such as hypotension, with coadministration.
Cyclophosphamide: Coadministration of thiazide diuretics and antineoplastic agents such as cyclophosphamide may result in reduced renal excretion of the antineoplastic agent and therefore increased myelosuppressive effects.
Cyclosporine: Concomitant use of aliskiren with cyclosporine is not recommended because of significantly increased aliskiren blood concentrations and an increase in the number and/or intensity of adverse events such as headache, hot flushes, nausea, vomiting, and somnolence. Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. As compared with aliskiren monotherapy, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of aliskiren was increased approximately 2.5-fold, and the systemic exposure was increased approximately 4.3-fold after a single 75 mg dose was given with a single cyclosporine 200 mg dose to healthy patients. Also, as compared with aliskiren receipt alone, prolongation of the median aliskiren elimination half-life (43 to 45 hours versus 26 hours) and the time to the maximum serum concentration (1.5 to 2 hours versus 0.5 hours) were noted. The mean systemic exposure and Cmax of cyclosporine were comparable to reported literature values. Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals.
Dabrafenib: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as dabrafenib, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Daclatasvir: Systemic exposure of aliskiren, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with daclatasvir, a P-gp inhibitor. Taking these drugs together could increase or prolong the therapeutic effects of aliskiren; monitor patients for potential adverse effects.
Danazol: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with amlodipine can theoretically decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as danazol , are coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Monitor therapeutic response; a dose reduction of amlodipine may be required.
Dantrolene: Concurrent use with skeletal muscle relaxants and antihypertensive agents may result in additive hypotension. Dosage adjustments of the antihypertensive medication may be required.
Dapagliflozin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Darifenacin: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Darunavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with darunavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Darunavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. Coadministration of cobicistat (a CYP3A4 inhibitor) with calcium-channel blockers metabolized by CYP3A4, such as amlodipine, may result in elevated calcium-channel blockers serum concentrations. If used concurrently, close clinical monitoring with appropriate dose reductions are advised. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Cobicistat is a CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with darunavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Darunavir is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Dasatinib: Dasatinib inhibits CYP3A4. Therefore, caution is warranted when drugs that are metabolized by this enzyme, such as calcium-channel blockers, are administered concurrently with dasatinib as increased adverse reactions may occur. Diltiazem, nicardipine and verapamil may also inhibit the metabolism of dasatinib.
Deferasirox: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as deferasirox, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Delavirdine: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as delavirdine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when delavirdine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Desloratadine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Desvenlafaxine: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Dexamethasone: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as dexamethasone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Dexchlorpheniramine; Dextromethorphan; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Dexlansoprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Dexmedetomidine: In general, the concomitant administration of dexmedetomidine with antihypertensive agents could lead to additive hypotensive effects. Dexmedetomidine can produce bradycardia or AV block and should be used cautiously in patients who are receiving antihypertensive drugs that lower the heart rate such as calcium-channel blockers.
Dexmethylphenidate: Dexmethylphenidate may reduce the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents, such as calcium-channel blockers. Dexmethylphenidate may reduce the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Periodic evaluation of blood pressure is advisable during concurrent use of dexmethylphenidate and antihypertensive agents, particularly during initial co-administration and after dosage increases of dexmethylphenidate. Methylphenidate reduces the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Methylphenidate reduces the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Periodic evaluation of blood pressure is advisable during concurrent use of methylphenidate and antihypertensive agents, particularly during initial co-administration and after dosage increases of methylphenidate.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Dextromethorphan; Quinidine: Quinidine can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents due to the potential for additive hypotension.
Diazoxide: Additive hypotensive effects can occur with the concomitant administration of diazoxide with other antihypertensive agents. This interaction can be therapeutically advantageous, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. The manufacturer advises that IV diazoxide should not be administered to patients within 6 hours of receiving other antihypertensive agents. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Enhanced hyperglycemia is possible during concurrent use of diazoxide and thiazide diuretics. Additive hypotensive effects can also occur with the concomitant administration of diazoxide with thiazide diuretics.
Dichlorphenamide: Use dichlorphenamide and diuretics together with caution. Dichlorphenamide increases potassium excretion and can cause hypokalemia and should be used cautiously with other drugs that may cause hypokalemia including loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics. Measure potassium concentrations at baseline and periodically during dichlorphenamide treatment. If hypokalemia occurs or persists, consider reducing the dose or discontinuing dichlorphenamide therapy.
Diclofenac: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Dicyclomine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Diethylpropion: Diethylpropion has vasopressor effects and may limit the benefit of calcium-channel blockers. Although leading drug interaction texts differ in the potential for an interaction between diethylpropion and this group of antihypertensive agents, these effects are likely to be clinically significant and have been described in hypertensive patients on these medications. Diethylpropion has vasopressor effects and may limit the benefit of thiazide diuretics. Although leading drug interaction texts differ in the potential for an interaction between diethylpropion and this group of antihypertensive agents, these effects are likely to be clinically significant and have been described in hypertensive patients on these medications.
Diflunisal: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Digitoxin: Thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypercalcemia which may increase digoxin's pharmacologic effect. Close monitoring of serum digoxin concentrations is essential to avoid enhanced toxicity. It is also recommended that serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium be monitored regularly in patients receiving digoxin.
Digoxin: Thiazide diuretics can cause hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or hypercalcemia which may increase digoxin's pharmacologic effect. Close monitoring of serum digoxin concentrations is essential to avoid enhanced toxicity. It is also recommended that serum potassium, magnesium, and calcium be monitored regularly in patients receiving digoxin.
Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Dihydroergotamine: Because of the potential to cause coronary vasospasm, dihydroergotamine theoretically could antagonize the therapeutic effects of anti-anginal agents including calcium-channel blockers. Dihydroergotamine is contraindicated for use in patients with coronary heart disease or hypertension. Clinicians should also note that calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties (e.g., diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil) may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of dihydroergotamine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Diltiazem: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate; coadministration of diltiazem 180 mg/day PO (CYP3A4 inhibitor) with amlodipine 5 mg/day PO in elderly hypertensive patients resulted in a 60% increase in amlodipine systemic exposure. This effect might lead to hypotension or edema in some individuals. Caution should be used when diltiazem is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Dobutamine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives such as metolazone when administered concomitantly.
Dofetilide: Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may occur with administration of potassium-depleting drugs such as loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics, increasing the potential for dofetilide-induced torsade de pointes. Additionally, in patients treated with either hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg or hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene 50 mg/100 mg daily in combination with dofetilide 500 mcg twice daily for 5 days, dofetilide AUC and Cmax concentrations increased by 27% and 21%, respectively, for the hydrochlorothiazide alone group and by 30% and 16%, respectively, for the hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene group. Furthermore, a 197% and 190% QTc increase over time was seen in the hydrochlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene groups, respectively. Based on these findings, the manufacturer of dofetilide contraindicates the concomitant use of hydrochlorothiazide (alone or in combination with other drugs such as triamterene); these findings can be explained both by an increase in the plasma concentration of dofetilide and a reduction in the serum potassium concentration. In a population pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma dofetilide concentrations, the mean dofetilide clearance of dofetilide was 16% lower in patients on thiazide diuretics. It is prudent to avoid the use of any thiazide diuretic in combination with dofetilide.
Dolasetron: The manufacturer warns that the coadministration of dolasetron with diuretics associated with hypokalemia could increase the risk of QT prolongation. Patients taking certain diuretics may develop an electrolyte abnormality that may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias and/or QT prolongation. Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may occur with administration of potassium-depleting drugs such as thiazide diuretics, increasing the potential for cardiac arrhythmias. Potassium levels should be within the normal range prior to and during therapy with dolasetron.
Donepezil; Memantine: Memantine reduced the bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide by roughly 20% in a drug interaction study. The clinical significance of this pharmacokinetic interaction, if any, is unknown.
Dopamine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives such as metolazone when administered concomitantly.
Dorzolamide; Timolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Doxacurium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Dronabinol, THC: Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with amlodipine is necessary, and monitor for an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence). Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate; amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol.
Dronedarone: Dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A, is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A, and is an inhibitor of P-gp. Diltiazem and verapamil are inhibitors of CYP3A4 and substrates of CYP3A and P-gp; nifedipine and amlodipine are substrates for CYP3A4. In clinical trials, the coadministration of dronedarone and calcium-channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil, and nifedipine) resulted in an increase in exposure of calcium channel blockers by 1.4 to 1.5 fold and an increase in dronedarone exposure by 1.4 to1.7 fold. Furthermore, calcium channel blockers may potentiate the electrophysiologic effects of dronedarone (e.g., decreased AV and sinus node conduction). If coadministration of calcium channel blockers and dronedarone cannot be avoided, administer low doses of the calcium channel blocker and increase dosage only after ECG verification of tolerability. Dronedarone is metabolized by and is an inhibitor of CYP3A. Aliskiren is a substrate for CYP3A4. The concomitant administration of dronedarone and CYP3A substrates may result in increased exposure of the substrate and should, therefore, be undertaken with caution.
Droperidol: Caution is advised when using droperidol in combination with thiazide diuretics which may lead to electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia, as such abnormalities may increase the risk for QT prolongation or cardiac arrhythmias.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Dulaglutide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Duloxetine: Orthostatic hypotension and syncope have been reported during duloxetine administration. The concurrent administration of antihypertensive agents and duloxetine may increase the risk of hypotension. Monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Dutasteride; Tamsulosin: The concomitant administration of tamsulosin with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. In addition, diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil may increase tamsulosin plasma concentrations via CYP3A4 inhibition. This interaction can be therapeutically advantageous, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly.
Efavirenz: Use caution and careful monitoring when coadministering efavirenz with calcium-channel blockers; efavirenz induces CYP3A4, potentially altering serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme such as some calcium-channel blockers. When coadministered, efavirenz decreases the concentrations of diltiazem (decrease in Cmax by 60%, in AUC by 69%, and in Cmin by 63%) and its active metabolites, desacetyl diltiazem and N-monodesmethyl diltiazem; dose adjustments should be made for diltiazem based on clinical response. No data are available regarding coadministration of efavirenz with other calcium channel blockers that are CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., felodipine, nicardipine, and verapamil); as with diltiazem, calcium-channel blocker doses should be adjusted based on clinical response.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir: Use caution and careful monitoring when coadministering efavirenz with calcium-channel blockers; efavirenz induces CYP3A4, potentially altering serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme such as some calcium-channel blockers. When coadministered, efavirenz decreases the concentrations of diltiazem (decrease in Cmax by 60%, in AUC by 69%, and in Cmin by 63%) and its active metabolites, desacetyl diltiazem and N-monodesmethyl diltiazem; dose adjustments should be made for diltiazem based on clinical response. No data are available regarding coadministration of efavirenz with other calcium channel blockers that are CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., felodipine, nicardipine, and verapamil); as with diltiazem, calcium-channel blocker doses should be adjusted based on clinical response.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: Administering elbasvir; grazoprevir with amlodipine may cause the plasma concentrations of all three drugs to increase; thereby increasing the potential for adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations and hepatotoxicity). Amlodipine is a substrate and weak inhibitor of CYP3A. Both elbasvir and grazoprevir are metabolized by CYP3A, and grazoprevir is also a weak CYP3A inhibitor. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for signs of hepatotoxicity.
Eletriptan: Eletriptan may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents, such as thiazide diuretics. Patients on antihypertensives need to have their blood pressure adequately controlled if they are to receive eletriptan. If eletriptan is used, regular blood pressure monitoring is recommended. Eletriptan may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents. Patients on antihypertensives need to have their blood pressure adequately controlled if they are to receive eletriptan. If eletriptan is used, regular blood pressure monitoring is recommended.
Empagliflozin: Administer antidiabetic agents with caution in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers. These drugs may cause hyperglycemia leading to a temporary loss of glycemic control in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Close observation and monitoring of blood glucose is necessary to maintain adequate glycemic control. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: Administer antidiabetic agents with caution in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers. These drugs may cause hyperglycemia leading to a temporary loss of glycemic control in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Close observation and monitoring of blood glucose is necessary to maintain adequate glycemic control. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: Administer antidiabetic agents with caution in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers. These drugs may cause hyperglycemia leading to a temporary loss of glycemic control in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Close observation and monitoring of blood glucose is necessary to maintain adequate glycemic control. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Enalapril, Enalaprilat: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Enalapril; Felodipine: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Enflurane: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Enzalutamide: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as enzalutamide, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Ephedrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine, may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel blockers. Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics, such as ephedrine, may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by thiazide diuretics. Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Epinephrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives such as metolazone when administered concomitantly.
Epirubicin: Close cardiac monitoring is recommended throughout therapy in patients receiving concomitant treatment with epirubicin and calcium-channel blockers. Individuals receiving these medications concurrently are at increased risk of developing heart failure.
Eplerenone: Amlodipine can have additive hypotensive effects with other antihypertensive agents. This additive effect can be desirable, but the patient should be monitored carefully and the dosage should be adjusted based on clinical response.
Epoprostenol: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of epoprostenol on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Calcium-channel blockers can have additive hypotensive effects with other antihypertensive agents. This additive effect can be desirable, but the patient should be monitored carefully and the dosage should be adjusted based on clinical response. Epoprostenol can have additive effects when administered with other antihypertensive agents. These effects can be used to therapeutic advantage, but dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Eprosartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Ergocalciferol, Vitamin D2: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Ergonovine: Because of its potential to cause coronary vasospasm, ergonovine could theoretically antagonize the therapeutic effects of anti-anginal agents including calcium-channel blockers. In addition, calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of ergonovine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Ergotamine: Because of the potential to cause coronary vasospasm , ergotamine theoretically could antagonize the therapeutic effects of calcium-channel blockers. Clinicians should also note that calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of ergotamine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Erlotinib: Use caution if coadministration of erlotinib with amlodipine is necessary due to the risk of increased erlotinib-related adverse reactions, and avoid coadministration with erlotinib if the patient is additionally taking a CYP1A2 inhibitor. If the patient is taking both amlodipine and a CYP1A2 inhibitor and severe reactions occur, reduce the dose of erlotinib by 50 mg decrements; the manufacturer of erlotinib makes the same recommendations for toxicity-related dose reductions in patients taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors without concomitant CYP1A2 inhibitors. Erlotinib is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent by CYP1A2. Amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of erlotinib with ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the erlotinib AUC by 67%. Coadministration of erlotinib with ciprofloxacin, a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, increased the erlotinib AUC by 39% and the Cmax by 17%. Coadministration with amlodipine may also increase erlotinib exposure.
Erythromycin: Avoid administration of erythromycin and a calcium-channel blocker, particularly in geriatric patients. Coadministration has been associated with an increased risk of hypotension and shock. Azithromycin may be preferred if the use of a macrolide antibiotic is necessary in a patient receiving calcium-channel blocker therapy. Erythromycin may also decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem, felodipine, and verapami) via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. Concurrent use of erythromycin with diltiazem and verapamil has been associated with sudden cardiac death. This interaction is likely due to the combined inhibition of CYP3A by erythromycin and the calcium channel blockers leading to increases in the serum concentrations of erythromycin and the calcium channel blockers.
Erythromycin; Sulfisoxazole: Avoid administration of erythromycin and a calcium-channel blocker, particularly in geriatric patients. Coadministration has been associated with an increased risk of hypotension and shock. Azithromycin may be preferred if the use of a macrolide antibiotic is necessary in a patient receiving calcium-channel blocker therapy. Erythromycin may also decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem, felodipine, and verapami) via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. Concurrent use of erythromycin with diltiazem and verapamil has been associated with sudden cardiac death. This interaction is likely due to the combined inhibition of CYP3A by erythromycin and the calcium channel blockers leading to increases in the serum concentrations of erythromycin and the calcium channel blockers.
Escitalopram: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with escitalopram may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of escitalopram should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Eslicarbazepine: In vivo studies suggest eslicarbazepine is an inducer of CYP3A4. Coadministration of CYP3A4 substrates, such as amlodipine, may result in decreased serum concentrations of the substrates. Monitor for potential reduced cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive efficacy when these drugs are coadministered with eslicarbazepine. Appropriate dose adjustments may be necessary.
Esmolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Esomeprazole: Proton pump inhibitors, such as esomeprazole, have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may re quire PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Proton pump inhibitors, such as esomeprazole, have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: Estrogens can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients; patients who are receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with hormonal contraceptives should be monitored for antihypertensive effectiveness. Estrogens can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients; patients who are receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with hormone therapy should be monitored for antihypertensive effectiveness.
Estradiol: Estrogens can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients; patients who are receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with hormonal contraceptives should be monitored for antihypertensive effectiveness. Estrogens can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients; patients who are receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with hormone therapy should be monitored for antihypertensive effectiveness.
Ethacrynic Acid: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of loop-diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency. When aliskiren is administered in combination with furosemide, the AUC and Cmax of furosemide are reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively; the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren are not affected. Patients should be monitored for loss of effect of furosemide when aliskiren is initiated. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored.
Ethanol: Ethanol interacts with antihypertensive agents by potentiating their hypotensive effect. Ethanol may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Ethinyl Estradiol: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients.
Ethotoin: Hydantoins (phenytoin, fosphenytoin, or ethotoin) may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving hydantoins.
Etodolac: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Etomidate: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Etoposide, VP-16: Monitor for an increased incidence of etoposide-related adverse effects if used concomitantly with aldesleukin, IL-2. Aldesleukin is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and etoposide, VP-16 is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration may increase etoposide concentrations.
Etravirine: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as etravirine, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Exenatide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Ezetimibe; Simvastatin: Simvastatin and amlodipine should be coadministered with caution due to an increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. If amlodipine and simvastatin must be administered together, do not exceed 20 mg/day simvastatin in adults. For adult patients chronically receiving simvastatin 80 mg/day who need to be started on amlodipine, the manufacturer of simvastatin recommends switching to an alternative statin with less potential for interactions.
Famotidine; Ibuprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Fenoldopam: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Fenoprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Fentanyl: Fentanyl may reduce the efficacy of diuretics due to induction of the release of antidiuretic hormone. Adjustments to diuretic therapy may be needed in some patients. In addition, opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with diuretics. The risk of significant hypotension and/or bradycardia during therapy with fentanyl is increased in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers.
Fesoterodine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Fexofenadine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Dietary Supplements): Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine. Co-enzyme Q10, ubiquinone (CoQ10) may lower blood pressure. CoQ10 use in combination with antihypertensive agents may lead to additional reductions in blood pressure in some individuals. Patients who choose to take CoQ10 concurrently with antihypertensive medications should receive periodic blood pressure monitoring. Patients should be advised to inform their prescriber of their use of CoQ10. High doses of fish oil supplements may produce a blood pressure lowering effect. It is possible that additive reductions in blood pressure may be seen when fish oils are used in a patient already taking antihypertensive agents.
Flavoxate: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Fluconazole: Fluconazole may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers, including amlodipine, via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism. Monitor blood pressure closely during concurrent use of these medications. Hydrochlorothiazide may decrease the renal clearance of fluconazole. Coadministration of fluconazole 100 mg PO and hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg PO for 10 days in normal volunteers (n=13) resulted in a significant increase in fluconazole AUC and Cmax compared to fluconazole given alone. There was a mean +/- SD increase in fluconazole AUC and Cmax of 45 +/- 31% and 43 +/- 31%, respectively. These changes are attributed to a mean +/- SD reduction in fluconazole renal clearance of 30% +/- 12%.
Fluocinolone; Hydroquinone; Tretinoin: A manufacturer of topical tretinoin states that tretinoin, ATRA should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as thiazide diuretics, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Fluoxetine: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when fluoxetine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with fluoxetine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of fluoxetine should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when fluoxetine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the effects of antihypertensive agents. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with fluoxetine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of fluoxetine should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Flurbiprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Flutamide: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as flutamide, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Fluticasone; Salmeterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Fluticasone; Vilanterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Fluvoxamine: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as fluvoxamine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when fluvoxamine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with fluvoxamine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of fluvoxamine should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Formoterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Formoterol; Mometasone: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Fosamprenavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. Caution is advised when administering aliskiren with fosamprenavir, as concurrent use may alter the plasma concentrations of aliskiren. Aliskiren is a substrate for the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Amprenavir, the active metabolite of fosamprenavir, is an inducer of P-gp and a potent inhibitor and moderate inducer of CYP3A4.
Fosinopril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Fosphenytoin: Hydantoins (phenytoin, fosphenytoin, or ethotoin) may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving hydantoins.
Fospropofol: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Furosemide: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of loop-diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency. When aliskiren is administered in combination with furosemide, the AUC and Cmax of furosemide are reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively; the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren are not affected. Patients should be monitored for loss of effect of furosemide when aliskiren is initiated. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored.
Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate: Mannitol can potentiate the effects of other diuretics when these drugs are administered concurrently.
General anesthetics: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba: Ginkgo biloba appears to inhibit the metabolism of calcium-channel blockers, perhaps by inhibiting the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. A non-controlled pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers found that the concurrent administration of ginkgo with nifedipine resulted in a 53% increase in nifedipine peak concentrations. More study is needed regarding ginkgo's effects on CYP3A4 and whether clinically significant drug interactions result.
Ginseng, Panax ginseng: Ginseng appears to inhibit the metabolism of calcium-channel blockers, perhaps by inhibiting the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. A non-controlled pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers found that the concurrent administration of ginseng with nifedipine resulted in a 30% increase in nifedipine peak concentrations. More study is needed regarding ginseng's effects on CYP3A4 and whether clinically significant drug interactions result.
Glimepiride: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glimepiride; Pioglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as pioglitazone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Glimepiride; Rosiglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glipizide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glipizide; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glucosamine: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Glyburide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glyburide; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Glycopyrrolate: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms. Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Granisetron: According to the manufacturer, caution is warranted when administering granisetron to patients with preexisting electrolyte abnormalities. Patients taking certain diuretics may develop an electrolyte abnormality that may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias and/or QT prolongation. Hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia may occur with administration of potassium-depleting drugs such as loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics, increasing the potential for cardiac arrhythmias.
Griseofulvin: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as griseofulvin, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Guaifenesin; Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Halofantrine: Due to the risks of cardiac toxicity of halofantrine in patients with hypokalemia and/or hypomagnesemia, the use of halofantrine should be avoided when feasible in those patients receiving thiazide diuretics. Electrolyte imbalances may occur while on these diuretics, which may in turn predispose patients to the cardiac effects of halofantrine.
Haloperidol: In general, antipsychotics like haloperidol should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents due to the possibility of additive hypotension. The risk of QT prolongation may also be increased during use of haloperidol and medications known to cause electrolyte imbalance such as thiazide diuretics. In general, antipsychotics like haloperidol should be used cautiously with antihypertensive agents due to the possibility of additive hypotension.
Halothane: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Hawthorn, Crataegus laevigata: Hawthorn, Crataegus laevigata (also known as C. oxyacantha) may potentially interact with antihypertensive, heart failure, or arrhythmia medications such as the calcium-channel blockers. Following hawthorn administration, the cardiac action potential duration is increased and the refractory period is prolonged. Hawthorn may also lower peripheral vascular resistance. Patients with hypertension or heart failure should be advised to only use hawthorn with their prescribed medications after discussion with their prescriber. Patients who choose to take hawthorn should receive periodic blood pressure and heart rate monitoring. Hawthorn, Crataegus laevigata may lower peripheral vascular resistance. Hawthorn use in combination with antihypertensive agents may lead to additional reductions in blood pressure in some individuals. Patients receiving hawthorn concurrently with antihypertensive medications should receive periodic blood pressure monitoring.
Heparin: Concomitant use of amlodipine with potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium salts, salt substitutes containing potassium, or other drugs that may increase potassium concentrations such as heparin may lead to increases in serum potassium.
Hetastarch; Dextrose; Electrolytes: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Hydantoins: Hydantoins (phenytoin, fosphenytoin, or ethotoin) may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving hydantoins.
Hydralazine: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Hydralazine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Hydralazine; Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Irbesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Lisinopril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Quinapril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Spironolactone: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Telmisartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Triamterene: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone syste m (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Hydrocodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Hydromorphone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Hyoscyamine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Ibuprofen lysine: NSAIDs have been shown to attenuate the effects of diuretics. Also, the concomitant volume depletion caused by diuretics and the prostaglandin inhibition caused by ibuprofen may increase the risk of renal failure due to inadequate kidney perfusion. Monitor renal function carefully during concurrent therapy. NSAIDs may decrease the effect of antihypertensive agents through various mechanisms, including renal and peripheral vasoactive pathways. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs.
Ibuprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Icosapent ethyl: Thiazide diuretics may exacerbate hypertriglyceridemia and should be discontinued or changed to alternate therapy, if possible, prior to initiation of icosapent ethyl.
Idelalisib: Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, with aliskiren, a CYP3A substrate, as aliskiren toxicities may be significantly increased. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib. Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, with amlodipine, a CYP3A substrate, as amlodipine toxicities may be significantly increased. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib.
Iloperidone: Secondary to alpha-blockade, iloperidone can produce vasodilation that may result in additive effects during concurrent use with antihypertensive agents. The potential reduction in blood pressure can precipitate orthostatic hypotension and associated dizziness, tachycardia, and syncope. If concurrent use of iloperidone and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Iloprost: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of iloprost on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Calcium-channel blockers can have additive hypotensive effects with other antihypertensive agents. This additive effect can be desirable, but the patient should be monitored carefully and the dosage should be adjusted based on clinical response. Further reductions in blood pressure may occur when inhaled iloprost is administered to patients receiving other antihypertensive agents.
Imatinib, STI-571: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as imatinib, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when imatinib is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Inamrinone: Hypokalemia may occur due to excessive diuresis during inamrinone therapy. Fluid and electrolyte changes and renal function should be carefully monitored during inamrinone therapy.
Incretin Mimetics: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Indacaterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Indacaterol; Glycopyrrolate: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms. Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Indapamide: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of indapamide on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Of note, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics concomitantly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Indinavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Indomethacin: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Insulins: Monitor patients receiving insulin closely for changes in diabetic control when thiazide diuretics are instituted or discontinued; dosage adjustments may be required. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of insulin by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Iodine; Potassium Iodide, KI: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Irbesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Irinotecan: Volume depletion due to irinotecan-induced vomiting or diarrhea can be exacerbated by diuretics. Withholding diuretics during irinotecan dosing, especially during periods of active vomiting or diarrhea, may be desirable.
Isavuconazonium: Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with aliskiren may result in increased serum concentrations of aliskiren. Aliskiren is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a moderate inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together. Concomitant use of isavuconazonium with amlodipine may result in increased serum concentrations of amlodipine. Amlodipine is a substrate of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a moderate inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are used together.
Isocarboxazid: Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider. Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with diuretics. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider.
Isoflurane: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Isoniazid, INH: CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as isoniazid, INH, may increase the plasma level of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate) via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when isoniazid, INH is coadministered with amlodipine and therapeutic response should be monitored.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as isoniazid, INH, may increase the plasma level of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate) via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when isoniazid, INH is coadministered with amlodipine and therapeutic response should be monitored. Rifampin is a potent inducer of the cytochrome P450 hepatic enzyme system and can reduce the plasma concentrations and possibly the efficacy of calcium-channel blockers. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as isoniazid, INH, may increase the plasma level of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate) via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when isoniazid, INH is coadministered with amlodipine and therapeutic response should be monitored. Rifampin is a potent inducer of the cytochrome P450 hepatic enzyme system and can reduce the plasma concentrations and possibly the efficacy of calcium-channel blockers. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Isoproterenol: The pharmacologic effects of isoproterenol may cause an increase in blood pressure. If isoproterenol is used concomitantly with antihypertensives, the blood pressure should be monitored as the administration of isoproterenol can compromise the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents. The pharmacologic effects of isoproterenol may cause an increase in blood pressure. If isoproterenol is used concomitantly with antihypertensives, the blood pressure should be monitored as the administration of isoproterenol can compromise the effectiveness of antihypertensive agents.
Isosorbide Dinitrate, ISDN: Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Isosorbide Mononitrate: Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Itraconazole: Avoid concurrent use and use of aliskiren for up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of itraconazole treatment unless benefits of treatment outweigh the potentially increased risk of side effects. Coadministration of 100 mg itraconazole with 150 mg aliskiren resulted in an approximate 5.8-fold increase in Cmax and 6.5-fold increase in AUC of aliskiren. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor blood pressure very carefully. Calcium-channel blockers can have a negative inotropic effect that may be additive to those of itraconazole. In addition, itraconazole may increase amlodipine serum concentrations via inhibition of CYP3A4 with the potential for amlodipine toxicity. Edema has been reported in patients receiving concomitantly itraconazole and amlodipine, therefore, caution is recommmended when administering these medication in combination. A dosage reduction of the calcium-channel blocker may be appropriate.
Ivacaftor: Use caution when administering ivacaftor and aliskiren concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Co-administration of ivacaftor with CYP3A and P-gp substrates, such as aliskiren, can increase aliskiren exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. Use caution when administering ivacaftor and amlodipine concurrently. Although there is a theoretical interaction, the clinical significance is not known. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A, and amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Co-administration may increase amlodipine exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. However, coadministration of erythromycin, another CYP3A inhibitor, in healthy volunteers did not significantly change amlodipine systemic exposure.
Ketamine: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Ketoconazole: Coadmistration of aliskiren with ketoconazole, causes a significant increase in the plasma concentration of aliskiren. When 200 mg of ketoconazole twice daily was administered with aliskiren, the plasma concentrations of aliskiren increased by 80%. Although a 400 mg dose of ketoconazole was not studied, it is expected that the higher dose would further increase plasma concentrations of aliskiren. Blood pressure should be monitored in patients taking both of these medications. Ketoconazole may decrease the clearance of calcium-channel blockers, including amlodipine, via inhibition of CYP3A4 metabolism.
Ketoprofen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Ketorolac: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Labetalol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Lacosamide: Lacosamide causes PR interval prolongation in some patients. Caution is advised during coadministration of lacosamide with other drugs that cause PR prolongation, such as calcium-channel blockers, since further PR prolongation is possible. If concurrent use is necessary, an ECG is recommended prior to initiation of lacosamide and after the drug is titrated to the maintenence dose. Patients receiving intravenous lacosamide should be closely monitored due to the potential for profound bradycardia and AV block during coadministration.
Lanreotide: Lanreotide may cause a decrease in heart rate. Administering drugs that also decrease the heart rate (e.g., calcium-channel blockers) in combination with lanreotide may increase the risk of bradycardia. Dose adjustments of calcium-channel blockers may be necessary.
Lansoprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Lesinurad: Lesinurad may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy of aliskiren; monitor for potential reduction in efficacy. Aliskiren is a CYP3A substrate, and lesinurad is a weak CYP3A inducer. Lesinurad may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy of amlodipine; monitor blood pressure closely. Amlodipine is a CYP3A substrate, and lesinurad is a weak CYP3A inducer.
Levalbuterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Levobetaxolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Levobunolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Levodopa: Concomitant use of antihypertensive agents with levodopa can result in additive hypotensive effects.
Levomethadyl: Caution is advised when using levomethadyl in combination with other agents that may lead to electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. Agents that require monitoring for potential hypokalemia include thiazide diuretics.
Levomilnacipran: Levomilnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like aliskiren may be diminished during concurrent use of levomilnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Levomilnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents, including amlodipine, may be diminished during concurrent use of levomilnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Lidocaine: Concomitant use of systemic lidocaine and amlodipine may increase lidocaine plasma concentrations by decreasing lidocaine clearance and therefore prolonging the elimination half-life. Monitor for lidocaine toxicity if used together. Lidocaine is a CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrate; amlodipine inhibits CYP3A4.
Linagliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Linagliptin; Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Liraglutide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Lisdexamfetamine: Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed. Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed. Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents. This represents a pharmacodynamic interaction and not a pharmacokinetic one. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed.
Lisinopril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Lithium: Concurrent use of lithium and thiazide diuretics may result in lithium toxicity. Therapeutic doses of thiazide diuretics can result in an approximate 25% to 40% decrease in lithium clearance, potentially leading to significant toxicity. Lithium is primarily re-absorbed from the proximal tubules, and thiazide diuretics block sodium reabsorption at the distal tubule, which results in sodium depletion and subsequent compensatory reabsorption of sodium and lithium at the proximal tubules. If treatment with lithium and a thiazide diuretic cannot be avoided, patients should have their serum lithium concentrations closely monitored, and the lithium dosage adjusted if necessary. Monitoring for changes in lithium effectiveness as well as careful assessment of lithium concentrations is advisable, particularly during initial co-administration and after dose changes or discontinuation of the diuretic. In some cases, thiazide diuretics may be used to counteract lithium-induced polyuria, although close monitoring is necessary if such treatment is initiated. There is a lack of evidence to evaluate the safety of lithium and metolazone, a thiazide-like diuretic. The manufacturer of metolazone recommends general avoidance of diuretics and lithium due to the potential for lithium toxicity. Lithium neurotoxicity has been reported during co-administration of lithium and verapamil or diltiazem, and is possible during concurrent use of other calcium-channel blockers with lithium. Symptoms of toxicity have included ataxia, tremors, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and tinnitus. The interaction between verapamil and lithium is variable and unpredictable. Both decreased lithium concentrations and lithium toxicity have been reported after the addition of verapamil. The possibility of a loss of lithium's therapeutic effect due to lower serum lithium concentrations may be offset somewhat by the fact that calcium-channel blocking agents share some neuropharmacological actions with lithium; limited data suggest that oral verapamil is effective in controlling an acute manic episode either as a single agent or in combination with lithium. Regarding diltiazem, although neurotoxicity was reported after the addition of diltiazem, other drugs were administered concomitantly. Worsened psychosis has been reported with the combination of diltiazem and lithium. Until more data are available, diltiazem and verapamil should be used cautiously in patients receiving lithium. In theory, direct renin inhibitors, such as aliskiren, have the potential to interact with lithium; therefore, the combination should be used cautiously and with careful monitoring of lithium levels. Related drug classes, such as ACE inhibitors, may substantially increase lithium levels, sometimes resulting in lithium toxicity. Because aliskerin has demonstrated significant natriuresis, increased renal tubular reabsorption of lithium may be possible. If alternative therapies are not possible, monitoring for lithium toxicity (e.g., nausea, vomiting, anorexia, drowsiness, dysarthria, tremor, confusion, lethargy, EKG changes, etc.) is advisable. More frequent assessments of lithium levels and adjustment of lithium dosage may be needed.
Lixisenatide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Lomitapide: Concomitant use of lomitapide and amlodipine may significantly increase the serum concentration of lomitapide. Therefore, the lomitapide dose should not exceed 30 mg/day PO during concurrent use. Amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor; the exposure to lomitapide is increased by approximately 2-fold in the presence of weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Concomitant use of lomitapide and aliskiren may result in increased serum concentrations of aliskiren. According to the manufacturer of lomitapide, dose reduction of aliskiren should be considered during concurrent use. Lomitapide is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and aliskiren is a P-gp substrate.
Loop diuretics: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of loop-diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency. When aliskiren is administered in combination with furosemide, the AUC and Cmax of furosemide are reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively; the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren are not affected. Patients should be monitored for loss of effect of furosemide when aliskiren is initiated. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored. Concomitant use of a thiazide diuretiic, or the related drug metolazone, with a loop diuretic can cause additive electrolyte and fluid loss. In patients with creatinine clearances > 30 ml/min, the combinations may also lead to profound fluid and electrolyte loss in some patients. Thus, use cautiously and with monitoring of renal function, blood pressure, cardiac status, electrolytes (especially potassium), and monitor the clinical response for the condition treated.
Loperamide: The plasma concentration of loperamide, a CYP3A4 substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with amlodipine, a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. If these drugs are used together, monitor for loperamide-associated adverse reactions, such as CNS effects and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest).
Loperamide; Simethicone: The plasma concentration of loperamide, a CYP3A4 substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with amlodipine, a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. If these drugs are used together, monitor for loperamide-associated adverse reactions, such as CNS effects and cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, cardiac arrest).
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with lopinavir; ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Lopinavir; ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Loratadine; Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Losartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrol ytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Lovastatin; Niacin: Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially calcium-channel blockers. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may alter the systemic exposure of aliskiren. If used together, monitor blood pressure closely and adjust the aliskiren dosage as appropriate. Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4 and the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporter. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer; in vitro data suggests lumacaftor; ivacaftor may also induce and/or inhibit P-gp. While the induction of aliskiren through the CYP3A pathway may lead to decreased drug efficacy, the net effect of lumacaftor; ivacaftor on P-gp transport is not clear. Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy of amlodipine. If used together, monitor blood pressure closely; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased. Amlodipine is a CYP3A substrate. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: Lumacaftor; ivacaftor may decrease the systemic exposure and therapeutic efficacy of amlodipine. If used together, monitor blood pressure closely; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased. Amlodipine is a CYP3A substrate. Lumacaftor is a strong CYP3A inducer. Use caution when administering ivacaftor and aliskiren concurrently. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Co-administration of ivacaftor with CYP3A and P-gp substrates, such as aliskiren, can increase aliskiren exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. Use caution when administering ivacaftor and amlodipine concurrently. Although there is a theoretical interaction, the clinical significance is not known. Ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A, and amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Co-administration may increase amlodipine exposure leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. However, coadministration of erythromycin, another CYP3A inhibitor, in healthy volunteers did not significantly change amlodipine systemic exposure.
Lurasidone: Due to the antagonism of lurasidone at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, the drug may enhance the hypotensive effects of alpha-blockers and other antihypertensive agents. If concurrent use of lurasidone and antihypertensive agents is necessary, patients should be counseled on measures to prevent orthostatic hypotension, such as sitting on the edge of the bed for several minutes prior to standing in the morning and rising slowly from a seated position. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended until the full effects of the combination therapy are known.
Magnesium Hydroxide: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia.
Magnesium Salts: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia. Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of thiazide diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia. In addition, use caution when prescribing sulfate salt bowel preps in patients taking medications that may affect renal function such as diuretics.
Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Sulfate; Sodium Sulfate: Diuretics may interfere with the kidneys ability to regulate magnesium concentrations. Long-term use of thiazide diuretics may impair the magnesium-conserving ability of the kidneys and lead to hypomagnesemia. In addition, use caution when prescribing sulfate salt bowel preps in patients taking medications that may affect renal function such as diuretics. Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Mannitol: Mannitol can potentiate the effects of other diuretics when these drugs are administered concurrently.
Maraviroc: Use caution if coadministration of maraviroc with amlodipine is necessary, due to a possible increase in maraviroc exposure. Maraviroc is a CYP3A substrate and amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Monitor for an increase in adverse effects with concomitant use.
Meclofenamate Sodium: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Mefenamic Acid: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Meglitinides: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Melatonin: Melatonin may impair the efficacy of some calcium-channel blockers, and caution is advised with concurrent use. In one placebo-controlled study, melatonin evening ingestion led to significant increases in blood pressure (6.5 mmHg systolic and 4.9 mmHg diastolic) and heart rate (3.9 bpm) throughout the day in patients taking nifedipine (GITS formulation). Melatonin appeared to antagonize the antihypertensive effects of nifedipine. The mechanism of this interaction is unclear. It may be prudent to avoid melatonin use during calcium-channel blocker therapy.
Meloxicam: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Memantine: Memantine reduced the bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide by roughly 20% in a drug interaction study. The clinical significance of this pharmacokinetic interaction, if any, is unknown.
Mepenzolate: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Meperidine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Meperidine; Promethazine: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Mepivacaine: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Thus, patients receiving antihypertensive agents may experience additive hypotensive effects.
Mepivacaine; Levonordefrin: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Thus, patients receiving antihypertensive agents may experience additive hypotensive effects.
Mequinol; Tretinoin: A manufacturer of topical tretinoin states that tretinoin, ATRA should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as thiazide diuretics, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Mestranol; Norethindrone: Estrogen containing oral contraceptives can induce fluid retention and may increase blood pressure in some patients; monitor patients receiving concurrent therapy to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is being obtained.
Metaproterenol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Metformin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Metformin; Pioglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as pioglitazone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Metformin; Repaglinide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity. Thiazide diuretics can decrease the hypoglycemic effects of antidiabetic agents by producing an increase in blood glucose levels. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, thiazide diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Patients receiving metformin should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if any of these diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Methadone: Diuretics can cause electrolyte disturbances such as hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia, which may prolong the QT interval. As methadone may also prolong the QT interval, cautious coadministration with diuretics is needed. In addition, opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with diuretics.
Methamphetamine: Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents, like calcium channel blockers. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed. Amphetamines increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and may counteract the activity of some antihypertensive agents, such as thiazide diuretics. Close monitoring of blood pressure or the selection of alternative therapeutic agents may be needed.
Methazolamide: Thiazide diuretics may increase the risk of hypokalemia if used concurrently with methazolamide. Monitor serum potassium levels to determine the need for potassium supplementation and/or alteration in drug therapy. There may also be an additive diuretic or hyperuricemic effect.
Methenamine: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: Thiazide diuretics may cause the urine to become alkaline. This may reduce the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting its conversion to formaldehyde. Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Methotrexate: Coadministration of thiazide diuretics and antineoplastic agents such as methotrexate may result in reduced renal excretion of the antineoplastic agent and therefore increased myelosuppressive effects.
Methoxsalen: Concomitant administration of methoxsalen and other photosensitizing agents, such as thiazide diuretics, can increase the incidence or severity of photsensitization from either compound. Preclinical data suggest that calcium-channel blockers could decrease the efficacy of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy.
Methscopolamine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Methylergonovine: Because of its potential to cause coronary vasospasm, methylergonovine could theoretically antagonize the therapeutic effects of calcium-channel blockers. In addition, calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of methylergonovine and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Methylphenidate: Methylphenidate reduces the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Methylphenidate reduces the hypotensive effect of antihypertensive agents. Periodic evaluation of blood pressure is advisable during concurrent use of methylphenidate and antihypertensive agents, particularly during initial co-administration and after dosage increases of methylphenidate.
Methysergide: Because of the potential to cause coronary vasospasm , methysergide theoretically could antagonize the therapeutic effects of calcium-channel blockers. Clinicians should also note that calcium-channel blockers with CYP3A4 inhibitory properties, such as diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil, may also reduce the hepatic metabolism of selected ergot alkaloids and increase the risk of ergot toxicity.
Metoclopramide: Coadministration of thiazides and prokinetic agents may result in decreased bioavailability of the thiazide diuretic.
Metoprolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Metyrapone: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as metyrapone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Midodrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly.
Mifepristone, RU-486: Mifepristone, RU-486 inhibits CYP3A4 and coadministration of mifepristone may lead to an increase in serum levels of drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates, including calcium-channel blockers.
Miglitol: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Milnacipran: Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents like amlodipine may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Milnacipran has been associated with an increase in blood pressure. The effectiveness of antihypertensive agents may be diminished during concurrent use of milnacipran. It is advisable to monitor blood pressure if the combination is necessary. Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Milrinone: Concurrent administration of antihypertensive agents could lead to additive hypotension when administered with milrinone. Titrate milrinone dosage according to hemodynamic response.
Minoxidil: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Mirtazapine: Hyponatremia has been reported very rarely during mirtazapine administration. Caution is advisable in patients receiving medications known to cause hyponatremia, such as diuretics. Hyponatremia may manifest as headache, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, confusion, weakness, and unsteadiness which may result in falls. Severe manifestations include hallucinations, syncope, seizure, coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Symptomatic hyponatremia may require discontinuation of mirtazapine, as well as implementation of the appropriate medical interventions.
Mitotane: Use caution if mitotane and aliskiren are used concomitantly, and monitor for decreased efficacy of aliskiren and a possible change in dosage requirements. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate; coadministration may result in decreased plasma concentrations of aliskiren. Use caution if mitotane and amlodipine are used concomitantly, and monitor for decreased efficacy of amlodipine and a possible change in dosage requirements. Mitotane is a strong CYP3A4 inducer and amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate; coadministration may result in decreased plasma concentrations of amlodipine.
Mivacurium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Modafinil: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as modafinil are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Moexipril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Morphine: Morphine may reduce the efficacy of diuretics due to induction of the release of antidiuretic hormone. Morphine may also cause acute urinary retention by causing a spasm of the bladder sphincter; men with enlarged prostates may have a higher risk of this reaction. In addition, opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with diuretics.
Morphine; Naltrexone: Morphine may reduce the efficacy of diuretics due to induction of the release of antidiuretic hormone. Morphine may also cause acute urinary retention by causing a spasm of the bladder sphincter; men with enlarged prostates may have a higher risk of this reaction. In addition, opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with diuretics.
Nabumetone: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Nadolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Nafcillin: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as nafcillin, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: Additive bradycardia may occur in patients receiving paclitaxel and other drugs known to cause bradycardia, such as calcium-channel blockers like amlodipine. These patients may require monitoring and information.
Naproxen: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Naproxen; Sumatriptan: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Nateglinide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Nebivolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Nefazodone: Administering amlodipine with CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as nefazodone, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when nefazodone is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Although relatively infrequent, nefazodone may cause orthostatic hypotension in some patients; this effect may be additive with antihypertensive agents. Blood pressure monitoring and dosage adjustments of either drug may be necessary.
Nelfinavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Nesiritide, BNP: The potential for hypotension may be increased when coadministering nesiritide with antihypertensive agents.
Netupitant; Palonosetron: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with amlodipine can theoretically decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as netupitant, are coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Monitor therapeutic response; a dose reduction of amlodipine; valsartan may be required.
Neuromuscular blockers: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy. Calcium-channel blockers may prolong neuromuscular blockade.
Nevirapine: Nevirapine is an inducer of the cytochrome P4503A enzyme. Concomitant administration of nevirapine with drugs that are extensively metabolized by this enzyme, including calcium-channel blockers may require dosage adjustments.
Niacin, Niacinamide: Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially calcium-channel blockers. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise.
Niacin; Simvastatin: Simvastatin and amlodipine should be coadministered with caution due to an increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. If amlodipine and simvastatin must be administered together, do not exceed 20 mg/day simvastatin in adults. For adult patients chronically receiving simvastatin 80 mg/day who need to be started on amlodipine, the manufacturer of simvastatin recommends switching to an alternative statin with less potential for interactions. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, especially calcium-channel blockers. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise. Cutaneous vasodilation induced by niacin may become problematic if high-dose niacin is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. This effect is of particular concern in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or other acute hemodynamic compromise.
Nilotinib: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with amlodipine can theoretically decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as nilotinib, are coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Monitor therapeutic response; a dose reduction of amlodipine may be required.
Nitrates: Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Nitroglycerin: Concomitant use of nitrates with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Nitroglycerin can cause hypotension. This action may be additive with other agents that can cause hypotension such as calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be monitored more closely for hypotension if nitroglycerin, including nitroglycerin rectal ointment, is used concurrently with a calcium-channel blocker.
Nitroprusside: Additive hypotensive effects may occur when nitroprusside is used concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents. Dosages should be adjusted carefully, according to blood pressure. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Norepinephrine: Thiazide diuretics can cause decreased arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine, but the effect is not sufficient to preclude their coadministration.
Octreotide: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with amlodipine can theoretically decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as octreotide, are coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Monitor therapeutic response; a dose reduction of amlodipine may be required. Patients receiving diuretics or other agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance may require dosage adjustments while receiving octreotide due to additive effects.
Olanzapine: Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the effects of antihypertensive agents.
Olaparib: Use caution if coadministration of olaparib with amlodipine is necessary, due to an increased risk of olaparib-related adverse reactions. Olaparib is a CYP3A4 substrate and amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Simulations have suggested that a moderate CYP3A inhibitor (fluconazole) may increase the AUC and Cmax of olaparib by 2.2-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively, but data are not available with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Use caution if coadministration of olaparib with aliskiren is necessary, due to an increased risk of aliskiren-related adverse reactions. Aliskiren is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate. Olaparib is an in vitro P-gp inhibitor, although the clinical relevance is unknown.
Olmesartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Olodaterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Omeprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement. > Omeprazole; Sodium Bicarbonate: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Ondansetron: The coadministration of ondansetron with diuretics associated with hypokalemia could increase the risk of QT prolongation. Potassium levels should be within the normal range prior to and during therapy with ondansetron.
Oprelvekin, rh-IL-11: Patients receiving thiazide diuretics during oprelvekin, rh-IL-11 therapy are at increased risk for developing severe hypokalemia; close monitoring of fluid and electrolyte status is warranted during concurrent diuretic and oprelvekin therapy.
Oritavancin: Amlodipine is metabolized by CYP3A4; oritavancin is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Plasma concentrations and efficacy of amlodipine may be reduced if these drugs are administered concurrently.
Oxaprozin: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Oxcarbazepine: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as oxcarbazepine, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Oxybutynin: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Oxycodone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Oxymetazoline: The vasoconstricting actions of oxymetazoline, an alpha adrenergic agonist, may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel blockers. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for changes in blood pressure. The vasoconstricting actions of oxymetazoline, an alpha adrenergic agonist, may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for changes in blood pressure.
Oxymorphone: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics.
Paliperidone: Paliperidone may cause orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. Lower initial doses of paliperidone may be necessary in patients receiving antihypertensive agents concomitantly.
Pancuronium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Pantoprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Paroxetine: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with paroxetine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of paroxetine should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Pasireotide: Cautious use of pasireotide and medicines that can affect potassium or magnesium concentrations such as diuretics is advised. Pasireotide may prolong the QT interval, and hypokalemia and/or hypomagnesemia are risk factors for QT prolongation. Assess the patient's potassium and magnesium concentration before and periodically during pasireotide receipt. Correct hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia before pasireotide receipt. Pasireotide may cause a decrease in heart rate. Closely monitor patients who are also taking drugs associated with bradycardia such as calcium-channel blockers. Dose adjustments of calcium-channel blockers may be necessary.
Pazopanib: Pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of pazopanib and aliskiren, a CYP3A4 substrate, may cause an increase in systemic concentrations of aliskiren. Use caution when administering these drugs concomitantly. Pazopanib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Coadministration of pazopanib and amlodipine, a CYP3A4 substrate, may cause an increase in systemic concentrations of amlodipine. Use caution when administering these drugs concomitantly.
Penbutolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Pentamidine: Drugs that are associated with hypokalemia and/or hypomagnesemia such as thiazide diuretics should be used with caution in patients also receiving pentamidine. Since pentamidine may cause QT prolongation independently of electrolyte imbalances, the risk for cardiac arrhythmias is potentiated by the concomitant use of agents associated with electrolyte loss. Closely monitor serum electrolytes during pentamidine therapy.
Pentoxifylline: Pentoxifylline has been used concurrently with antihypertensive drugs (beta blockers, diuretics) without observed problems. Small decreases in blood pressure have been observed in some patients treated with pentoxifylline; periodic systemic blood pressure monitoring is recommended for patients receiving concomitant antihypertensives. If indicated, dosage of the antihypertensive agents should be reduced.
Perampanel: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as perampanel, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Perindopril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Phendimetrazine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly.
Phenelzine: Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider. Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with diuretics. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider.
Phenothiazines: Electrolyte disturbances (e.g., hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypercalcemia) may occur with administration of thiazide diuretics, and electrolyte disturbances may increase the potential for proarrhythmic effects (e.g., QT prolongation, torsade de pointes), particularly with mesoridazine, thioridazine, or chlorpromazine. In the absence of electrolyte imbalances, these agents can be used together safely with appropriate monitoring; clinicians should monitor for evidence of electrolyte disturbances or cardiac-related patient complaints. Thiazide diuretics may potentiate the orthostatic hypotension that can be seen with the use of the phenothiazine antipsychotics.
Phentermine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly.
Phentermine; Topiramate: Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. A pharmacokinetic drug interaction study evaluated hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ 25 mg PO once daily and topiramate (96 mg PO twice a day). Topiramate Cmax increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown; however, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. The clinician should be aware of the potential for this interaction and monitor the patient accordingly. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree. Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Phenylephrine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Phenylephrine; Promethazine: The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by diuretics. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure has been reported in some patients. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced calcium-channel blockers. Well-controlled hypertensive patients receiving decongestant sympathomimetics at recommended doses do not appear at high risk for significant elevations in blood pressure, however, increased blood pressure (especially systolic hypertension) has been reported in some patients.Blood pressure and heart rates should be monitored closely to confirm that the desired antihypertensive effect is achieved.
Phenytoin: Hydantoins (phenytoin, fosphenytoin, or ethotoin) may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving hydantoins.
Photosensitizing agents: Thiazide diuretics may cause photosensitivity and may increase the photosensitization effects of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin. Preclinical data suggest that calcium-channel blockers could decrease the efficacy of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy.
Pimozide: Pimozide is associated with a well-established risk of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP). Use of pimozide and medications known to cause electrolyte imbalance may increase the risk of QT prolongation. Therefore, caution is advisable during concurrent use of pimozide and thiazide diuretics. According to the manufacturer, potassium deficiencies should be correctly prior to treatment with pimozide and normalized potassium levels should be maintained during treatment.
Pindolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Pioglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as pioglitazone, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Pirbuterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Piroxicam: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Polyethylene Glycol; Electrolytes: Use caution when prescribing sulfate salt bowel preparation in patients taking concomitant medications that may affect renal function such as diuretics.
Ponatinib: Concomitant use of ponatinib, a P-gp inhibitor, and aliskiren, a P-gp substrate, may increase the exposure of aliskiren.
Porfimer: Thiazide diuretics may cause photosensitivity and may increase the photosensitization effects of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Posaconazole: Posaconazole and aliskiren should be coadministered with caution due to an increased potential for aliskiren-related adverse events. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of aliskiren. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated aliskiren plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for aliskiren-related adverse events. Theoretically, posaconazole may inhibit the metabolism of many calcium-channel blockers via inhibition of CYP3A4. Use caution when coadministering posaconazole and any calcium-channel blocker.
Potassium Citrate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Potassium Iodide, KI: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Potassium Phosphate; Sodium Phosphate: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Potassium Salts: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Potassium: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium salts or salt substitutes containing potassium should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Pramlintide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Prazosin: Prazosin is well-known to produce a 'first-dose' phenomenon. Some patients develop significant hypotension shortly after administration of the first dose. The first dose response (acute postural hypotension) of prazosin may be exaggerated in patients who are receiving beta-adrenergic blockers, diuretics, or other antihypertensive agents. Concomitant administration of prazosin with other antihypertensive agents is not prohibited, however. This can be therapeutically advantageous, but lower dosages of each agent should be used. Prazosin is well-known to produce a 'first-dose' phenomenon. Some patients develop significant hypotension shortly after administration of the first dose. The first dose response (acute postural hypotension) of prazosin may be exaggerated in patients who are receiving beta-adrenergic blockers, diuretics, or other antihypertensive agents. Concomitant administration of prazosin with other antihypertensive agents is not prohibited, however. This can be therapeutically advantageous, but lower dosages of each agent should be used. The use of alpha-blockers with verapamil can lead to excessive hypotension; In addition, verapamil has been reported to increase the AUC and Cmax of prazosin.
Prilocaine; Epinephrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives such as metolazone when administered concomitantly.
Probenecid: Thiazide diuretics can cause hyperuricemia. Although this effect represents a pharmacodynamic interaction and not a pharmacokinetic one, dosage adjustments of probenecid may be necessary if these agents are administered concurrently to patients being treated with probenecid.
Procainamide: Procainamide can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents. Intravenous administration of procainamide is more likely to cause hypotensive effects.
Procaine: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents.
Propantheline: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Propofol: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Propoxyphene: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as propoxyphene, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when propoxyphene is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored.
Propranolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Protease inhibitors: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Pseudoephedrine: Sympathomimetics can antagonize the effects of antihypertensives when administered concomitantly. The cardiovascular effects of sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects produced by calcium-channel clockers.
Quinapril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Quinidine: Quinidine can decrease blood pressure and should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents due to the potential for additive hypotension.
Quinine: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inhibitors with amlodipine can theoretically decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as quinine, are coadministered with calcium-channel blockers. Monitor therapeutic response; a dose reduction of amlodipine may be required.
Rabeprazole: Proton pump inhibitors have been associated with hypomagnesemia. Hypomagnesemia occurs with thiazide diuretics (chlorothiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, and metolazone). Low serum magnesium may lead to serious adverse events such as muscle spasm, seizures, and arrhythmias. Therefore, clinicians should monitor serum magnesium concentrations periodically in patients taking a PPI and diuretics concomitantly. Patients who develop hypomagnesemia may require PPI discontinuation in addition to magnesium replacement.
Ramipril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Rapacuronium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Rasagiline: Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider during concurrent use of an MAOI and a calcium-channel blocker. Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with diuretics. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider. Orthostatic hypotension has been reported during administration of rasagiline. Therefore, caution is advised during concurrent use with antihypertensive agents. Rasagiline is a selective MAO-B inhibitor at manufacturer recommended doses; therefore, serious hypertensive reactions with agents affecting catecholamine release (e.g., guanabenz, reserpine, guanethidine) are unlikely. Nevertheless, patients receiving rasagiline in combination with an antihypertensive should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope, and changes in heart rate or blood pressure to their health care provider.
Remifentanil: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The risk of significant hypotension and/or bradycardia during therapy with remifentanil may be increased in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers due to additive hypotensive effects.
Repaglinide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Ribociclib: Use caution if coadministration of ribociclib with aliskiren is necessary, as the systemic exposure of aliskiren may be increased resulting in an increase in aliskiren-related adverse reactions. Ribociclib is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate. Use caution if coadministration of ribociclib with amlodipine is necessary, as the systemic exposure of amlodipine may be increased resulting in an increase in treatment-related adverse reactions including hypotension and edema. Exposure to ribociclib may also increase, increasing ribociclib-related adverse reactions (e.g., neutropenia, QT prolongation). Ribociclib is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Rifabutin: Rifabutin may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Rifampin: Rifampin is a potent inducer of the cytochrome P450 hepatic enzyme system and can reduce the plasma concentrations and possibly the efficacy of calcium-channel blockers. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Rifapentine: Rifapentine may induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of calcium-channel blockers such as amlodipine and thereby reduce their oral bioavailability. The dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased in patients receiving concurrent enzyme inducers.
Risperidone: Risperidone may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. Lower initial doses or slower dose titration of risperidone may be necessary in patients receiving antihypertensive agents concomitantly.
Ritonavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted. The plasma concentrations of aliskiren may be elevated when administered concurrently with ritonavir. Clinical monitoring for adverse effects, such as decreased blood pressure, is recommended during coadministration. Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of both CYP3A4 and P-gp.
Rituximab: Patients should not take antihypertensive agents 12 hours prior to rituximab infusions due to the possibility of hypotension occurring during the rituximab infusion.
Rocuronium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Rofecoxib: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Rosiglitazone: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Salicylates: Salicylates can increase the risk of renal toxicity in patients receiving diuretics. Salicylates inhibit renal prostaglandin synthesis, which can lead to fluid retention and increased peripheral vascular resistance. Salicylates may decrease the hyperuricemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide.
Salmeterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Sapropterin: Caution is advised with the concomitant use of sapropterin and aliskiren as coadministration may result in increased systemic exposure of aliskiren. Aliskiren is a substrate for the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); in vitro data show that sapropterin may inhibit P-gp. If these drugs are used together, closely monitor for increased side effects of aliskiren.
Saquinavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Saxagliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Scopolamine: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Selegiline: Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with calcium-channel blockers. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider. Additive hypotensive effects may be seen when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are combined with antihypertensives. Careful monitoring of blood pressure is suggested during concurrent therapy of MAOIs with diuretics. Patients should be instructed to rise slowly from a sitting position, and to report syncope or changes in blood pressure or heart rate to their health care provider. Orthostatic hypotension has been reported during administration of selegiline. Therefore, caution is advised during concurrent use with antihypertensive agents.
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Sertraline: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with sertraline may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH has been reported during therapy with SSRIs. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of sertraline should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Sevoflurane: The depression of cardiac contractility, conductivity, and automaticity as well as the vascular dilation associated with general anesthetics may be potentiated by calcium-channel blockers. Alternatively, general anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of calcium-channel blockers. When used concomitantly, anesthetics and calcium-channel blockers should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive cardiovascular depression. General anesthetics can potentiate the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. General anesthtics may be associated with hypotension; however the frequency is less than with inhalational anesthetic agents. Concomitant use with aliskiren may increase the risk of developing hypotension.
Sibutramine: Sibutramine may raise blood pressure or heart rate. Patients who are controlled on antihypertensive agents should be monitored for changes in blood pressure while taking sibutramine.
Sildenafil: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of sildenafil on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Monitor for additive hypotension if amlodipine; valsartan is administered concurrently with sildenafil, as both agents act independently to reduce blood pressure.
Silodosin: During clinical trials with silodosin, the incidence of dizziness and orthostatic hypotension was higher in patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive treatment. Thus, caution is advisable when silodosin is administered with antihypertensive agents. During clinical trials with silodosin, the incidence of dizziness and orthostatic hypotension was higher in patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive treatment. Thus, caution is advisable when silodosin is administered with antihypertensive agents. During clinical trials with silodosin, the incidence of dizziness and orthostatic hypotension was higher in patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive treatment. Thus, caution is advisable when silodosin is administered with antihypertensive agents. Silodosin is extensively metabolized by CYP450 3A4 and is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In theory, antihypertensive drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 such as diltiazem, verapamil, and nicardipine may cause significant increases in silodosin plasma concentrations. Verapamil may also interact with silodosin through its effects as a P-gp inhibitor.
Simeprevir: Coadministration of amlodipine with simeprevir, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and intestinal CYP3A4, may result in increased amlodipine plasma concentrations. Caution and clinical monitoring are recommended if these drugs are administered together.
Simvastatin: Simvastatin and amlodipine should be coadministered with caution due to an increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. If amlodipine and simvastatin must be administered together, do not exceed 20 mg/day simvastatin in adults. For adult patients chronically receiving simvastatin 80 mg/day who need to be started on amlodipine, the manufacturer of simvastatin recommends switching to an alternative statin with less potential for interactions.
Simvastatin; Sitagliptin: Simvastatin and amlodipine should be coadministered with caution due to an increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. If amlodipine and simvastatin must be administered together, do not exceed 20 mg/day simvastatin in adults. For adult patients chronically receiving simvastatin 80 mg/day who need to be started on amlodipine, the manufacturer of simvastatin recommends switching to an alternative statin with less potential for interactions. Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Sincalide: Sincalide-induced gallbladder ejection fraction may be affected by calcium-channel blockers. False study results are possible in patients with drug-induced hyper- or hypo-responsiveness; thorough patient history is important in the interpretation of results.
Sitagliptin: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. Finally, both thiazides and sulfonylureas have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions; concomitant use may increase the risk of photosensitivity.
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate; Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous: Concomitant use of medicines with potential to alter renal perfusion or function such as diuretics, may increase the risk of acute phosphate nephropathy in patients taking sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate; sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous.
Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: Use caution when prescribing sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid in patients taking concomitant medications that may affect renal function such as diuretics. In addition, use caution in patients receiving drugs where hypokalemia is a particular risk.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: Use caution when administering velpatasvir with amlodipine. Taking these drugs together may increase velpatasvir plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in adverse events. Amlodipine is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor; velpatasvir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Solifenacin: Diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms. Risk versus benefit should be addressed in patients receiving diuretics and solifenacin.
Sotalol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Spironolactone: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum: St. John's wort appears to induce the metabolism of the calcium-channel blockers, apparently by the induction of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. A non-controlled pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers found that concurrent administration of St. John's wort with nifedipine resulted in a 53% decrease in nifedipine peak concentrations. The metabolism of other calcium channel blockers may also be increased; it is assumed the reductions in calcium-channel blocker concentrations could reduce clinical efficacy.
Streptogramins: Dalfopristin; quinupristin may inhibit the CYP3A4 metabolism of amlodipine, resulting in elevated amlodipine plasma concentrations. Monitor patients for increased side effects, such as hypotension.
Streptozocin: Because streptozocin is nephrotoxic, concurrent or subsequent administration of other nephrotoxic agents (e.g,. aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, cisplatin, foscarnet, or diuretics) could exacerbate the renal insult.
Succinylcholine: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Sufentanil: Opiate agonists may potentiate orthostatic hypotension when used concurrently with thiazide diuretics. The incidence and degree of bradycardia and hypotension during induction with sufentanil may be increased in patients receiving calcium-channel blockers. In addition to additive hypotensive effects, calcium-channel blockers that are CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil) can theoretically decrease hepatic metabolism of some opiates (CYP3A4 substrates), such as sufentanil.
Sulfacetamide: Sulfonamides may cause photosensitization and may increase the photosensitizing effects of thiazide diuretics.
Sulfacetamide; Sulfur: Sulfonamides may cause photosensitization and may increase the photosensitizing effects of thiazide diuretics.
Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, Cotrimoxazole: Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Sulfinpyrazone: Sulfinpyrazone facilitates urinary excretion of uric acid and thereby decreases plasma urate concentrations. Thiazide diuretics can cause hyperuricemia. Dosage adjustments of sulfinpyrazone may be necessary if thiazides are administered concurrently.
Sulfonylureas: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyp erglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Sulindac: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Tacrolimus: Coadministration of amlodipine may result in increased serum concentrations of tacrolimus. Monitor tacrolimus concentrations and make dose adjustments as necessary to avoid toxicity of tacrolimus toxicity during concurrent use.
Tamsulosin: The concomitant administration of tamsulosin with other antihypertensive agents can cause additive hypotensive effects. In addition, diltiazem, nicardipine, and verapamil may increase tamsulosin plasma concentrations via CYP3A4 inhibition. This interaction can be therapeutically advantageous, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly.
Tegaserod: Coadminisitration of thiazides and prokinetic agents may result in decreased bioavailability of the thiazide diuretic.
Telaprevir: Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering aliskiren with telaprevir due to an increased potential for aliskiren-related adverse events. If aliskiren dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of telaprevir treatment. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of aliskiren. Aliskiren is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; telaprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated aliskiren plasma concentrations. Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering amlodipine with telaprevir due to an increased potential for amlodipine-related adverse events. A reduction in the dose of amlodipine should be considered. If amlodipine dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of telaprevir treatment. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of amlodipine. Amlodipine is metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; telaprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated amlodipine plasma concentrations.
Telithromycin: Serious adverse events, including hypotension, have been reported in patients taking telithromycin concomitantly with calcium channel blockers metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 isoenzyme, such as amlodipine. Telithromycin is a substrate and inhibitor of the CYP3A4 isozyme. Concurrent administration may result in increased serum concentrations of the calcium channel blocker and increased risk for adverse events.
Telmisartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Telotristat Ethyl: Use caution if coadministration of telotristat ethyl and aliskiren is necessary, as the systemic exposure of aliskiren may be decreased resulting in reduced efficacy. If these drugs are used together, monitor patients for suboptimal efficacy of aliskiren; consider increasing the dose of aliskiren if necessary. Aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by 25% and 48%, respectively, when coadministered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat ethyl increases the glucuronidation of the CYP3A4 substrate. Use caution if coadministration of telotristat ethyl and amlodipine is necessary, as the systemic exposure of amlodipine may be decreased resulting in reduced efficacy. If these drugs are used together, monitor patients for suboptimal efficacy of amlodipine; consider increasing the dose of amlodipine if necessary. Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. The mean Cmax and AUC of another sensitive CYP3A4 substrate was decreased by 25% and 48%, respectively, when coadministered with telotristat ethyl; the mechanism of this interaction appears to be that telotristat ethyl increases the glucuronidation of the CYP3A4 substrate.
Temsirolimus: Use caution if coadministration of temsirolimus with aliskiren is necessary, and monitor for an increase in aliskiren-related adverse reactions including hypotension. Temsirolimus is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor in vitro. Aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate; however, preclinical studies indicate it is also a substrate for P-gp. Concomitant use may cause increased exposure to aliskiren.
Terbutaline: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Tetrabenazine: Tetrabenazine may induce orthostatic hypotension and thus enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents. Lower initial doses or slower dose titration of tetrabenazine may be necessary in patients receiving antihypertensive agents concomitantly.
Tetracaine: Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Use extreme caution with the concomitant use of tetracaine and antihypertensive agents. Local anesthetics may cause additive hypotension in combination with antihypertensive agents. Use extreme caution with the concomitant use of tetracaine and antihypertensive agents.
Thalidomide: Thalidomide and other agents that slow cardiac conduction such as calcium-channel blockers should be used cautiously due to the potential for additive bradycardia.
Thiazolidinediones: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Thiothixene: Thiothixene should be used cautiously in patients receiving antihypertensive agents. Additive hypotensive effects are possible.
Timolol: Coadministration of amlodipine and beta-blockers can reduce angina and improve exercise tolerance. When these drugs are given together, however, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance can occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis.
Tiotropium; Olodaterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Tipranavir: Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Theoretically, CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as anti-retroviral protease inhibitors, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. Caution should be used when anti-retroviral protease inhibitors are coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored. Ritonavir also prolongs the PR interval in some patients; however, the impact on the PR interval of coadministration of ritonavir with other drugs that prolong the PR interval (including calcium channel blockers) has not been evaluated. If coadministration of these drugs is warranted, do so with caution and careful monitoring. Decreased calcium-channel blocker doses may be warranted.
Tizanidine: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of tizanidine on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Concurrent use of tizanidine with antihypertensive agents can result in significant hypotension. Caution is advised when tizanidine is to be used in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive therapy.
Tolazamide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Tolbutamide: Thiazide diuretics can decrease insulin sensitivity thereby leading to glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may also lead to hyperglycemia. Because of this, a potential pharmacodynamic interaction exists between thiazide diuretics and antidiabetic agents. It appears that the effects of thiazide diuretics on glycemic control are dose-related and low doses can be instituted without deleterious effects on glycemic control. In addition, diuretics reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. However, patients taking antidiabetic agents should be monitored for changes in blood glucose control if such diuretics are added or deleted. Dosage adjustments may be necessary.
Tolmetin: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Tolterodine: Diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Topiramate: Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. A pharmacokinetic drug interaction study evaluated hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ 25 mg PO once daily and topiramate (96 mg PO twice a day). Topiramate Cmax increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown; however, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. The clinician should be aware of the potential for this interaction and monitor the patient accordingly. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Toremifene: Thiazide diuretics and other drugs that decrease renal calcium excretion may increase the risk of hypercalcemia in patients receiving toremifene.
Torsemide: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of loop-diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may also develop reversible renal insufficiency. When aliskiren is administered in combination with furosemide, the AUC and Cmax of furosemide are reduced by approximately 30% and 50%, respectively; the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren are not affected. Patients should be monitored for loss of effect of furosemide when aliskiren is initiated. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored.
Trandolapril: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ACE inhibitors in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury. Administration of 240 mg verapamil with 300 mg aliskiren resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in AUC and Cmax of aliskiren; however, no dosage adjustment is necessary. Blood pressure should be closely monitored in patients taking both of these medications. Patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia are more susceptible to developing reversible renal insufficiency when given angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics concomitantly. When verapamil (non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker) and amlodipine (dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker) are given, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance may occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and verapamil is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of diltiazem (moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) with amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients resulted in a 60% increase in amlodipine systemic exposure. A similar pharmacokinetic effect may occur with verapamil. While concomitant use may be beneficial for carefully selected patients, caution is warranted; blood pressure, heart rate, and therapeutic response should be closely monitored.
Tranylcypromine: The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated. The use of hypotensive agents and tranylcypromine is contraindicated by the manufacturer of tranylcypromine because the effects of hypotensive agents may be markedly potentiated.
Trazodone: Due to additive hypotensive effects, patients receiving antihypertensive agents concurrently with trazodone may have excessive hypotension. Decreased dosage of the antihypertensive agent may be required when given with trazodone.
Treprostinil: Calcium-channel blockers can have additive hypotensive effects with other antihypertensive agents. This additive effect can be desirable, but the patient should be monitored carefully and the dosage should be adjusted based on clinical response. Thiazide diuretics can enhance the hypotensive effects of antihypertensive agents or diuretics if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly.
Tretinoin, ATRA: A manufacturer of topical tretinoin states that tretinoin, ATRA should be administered with caution in patients who are also taking drugs known to be photosensitizers, such as thiazide diuretics, as concomitant use may augment phototoxicity. Patients should take care and use proper techniques to limit sunlight and UV exposure of treated areas.
Triamterene: Due to the risk of hyperkalemia, drugs that increase serum potassium concentration, such as potassium-sparing diuretics, should be used cautiously in patients taking aliskiren. Electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren. Aliskiren can enhance the effects of diuretics on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Also, patients with hyponatremia or hypovolemia may become hypotensive and/or develop reversible renal insufficiency when given aliskiren and diuretics.
Trihexyphenidyl: Coadministration of thiazides and antimuscarinics (e.g., atropine and biperiden) may result in increased bioavailability of the thiazide. This is apparently a result of a decrease in gastrointestinal motility and rate of stomach emptying by the antimuscarinic agent. In addition, diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Trospium: Diuretics can increase urinary frequency, which may aggravate bladder symptoms.
Tubocurarine: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Umeclidinium; Vilanterol: Hypokalemia associated with thiazide diuretics can be acutely worsened by beta-agonists, especially when the recommended dose of the beta-agonist is exceeded. Although the clinical significance of these effects is unknown, use caution when coadministering beta-agonists with thiazide diuretics and monitor serum potassium as clinically indicated.
Valdecoxib: If nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and an antihypertensive drug are concurrently used, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of renal insufficiency and blood pressure control. Doses of antihypertensive medications may require adjustment in patients receiving concurrent NSAIDs. NSAIDs, to varying degrees, have been associated with an elevation in blood pressure. This effect is most significant in patients receiving concurrent antihypertensive agents and long-term NSAID therapy. NSAIDs cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation, which may result in a reduction in renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and an increase in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients who rely upon renal prostaglandins to maintain renal perfusion may have acute renal blood flow reduction with NSAID usage. Elderly patients may be at increased risk of adverse effects from combined long-term NSAID therapy and antihypertensive agents, especially diuretics, due to age-related decreases in renal function and an increased risk of stroke and coronary artery disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may reduce the natriuretic effect of diuretics in some patients. NSAIDS have been associated with an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which may result in reduced renal blood flow leading to renal insufficiency and increases in blood pressure that are often accompanied by peripheral edema and weight gain. Patients taking diuretics and NSAIDS concurrently are at higher risk of developing renal insufficiency. If an NSAID and a diuretic are used concurrently, carefully monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of decreased renal function and diuretic efficacy. NSAIDs may attenuate the antihypertensive effects of aliskiren by inhibiting the synthesis of vasodilatory prostaglandins. In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or with compromised renal function who are being treated with NSAIDs, the coadministration of aliskiren may result in a further deterioration of renal function, including acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Therefore, blood pressure and renal function should be monitored closely when an NSAID is administered to a patient taking aliskiren.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as valproic acid, divalproex sodium, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Valsartan: Most patients receiving the combination of two renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) and aliskiren do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAAS inhibitors particularly in patients with CrCl < 60 mL/min. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function, and electrolytes if aliskiren is combined with another RAAS inhibitor. Aliskiren-containing products are contraindicated in combination with ARBs in patients with diabetes mellitus. In the ALTITUDE trial, patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment, a population at high risk for cardiovascular and renal events, were given aliskiren in addition to ACE inhibitors or ARBs. The trial was stopped early because aliskiren was associated with an increased risk of non-fatal stroke, renal complications, hyperkalemia, and hypotension. In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, no additional benefit over monotherapy was seen in patients receiving the combination of losartan and lisinopril compared to monotherapy; however, there was an increased incidence of hyperkalemia and acute renal injury.
Vandetanib: Use caution if coadministration of vandetanib with aliskiren is necessary, due to a possible increase in aliskiren-related adverse reactions. Aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate; preclinical studies indicate it is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Coadministration with vandetanib increased the Cmax and AUC of digoxin, another P-gp substrate, by 29% and 23%, respectively.
Vasodilators: Aliskiren can enhance the effects of vasodilators on blood pressure if given concomitantly. This additive effect may be desirable, but dosages must be adjusted accordingly. Blood pressure and electrolytes should be routinely monitored in patients receiving aliskiren.
Vecuronium: Concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide to patients receiving nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers (e.g., tubocurarine) can cause prolonged neuromuscular blockade due to hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. Serum potassium concentrations should be determined and corrected (if necessary) prior to initiation of neuromuscular blockade therapy.
Vemurafenib: Vemurafenib is an inducer of CYP3A4 and decreased plasma concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme, such as amlodipine, could be expected with concurrent use. Use caution, and monitor therapeutic effects of amlodipine when coadministered with vemurafenib.
Venlafaxine: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with venlafaxine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Hyponatremia due to SIADH may occur during therapy with SNRIs, including venlafaxine. Cases involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l have been reported. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of the SNRI should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Verapamil: Administration of 240 mg verapamil with 300 mg aliskiren resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in AUC and Cmax of aliskiren; however, no dosage adjustment is necessary. Blood pressure should be closely monitored in patients taking both of these medications. When verapamil (non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker) and amlodipine (dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker) are given, hypotension and impaired cardiac performance may occur, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, or aortic stenosis. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and verapamil is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of diltiazem (moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor) with amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients resulted in a 60% increase in amlodipine systemic exposure. A similar pharmacokinetic effect may occur with verapamil. While concomitant use may be beneficial for carefully selected patients, caution is warranted; blood pressure, heart rate, and therapeutic response should be closely monitored.
Verteporfin: Thiazide diuretics may cause photosensitivity and may increase the photosensitization effects of photosensitizing agents used in photodynamic therapy. Prevention of photosensitivity includes adequate protection from sources of UV radiation (e.g., avoiding sun exposure and tanning booths) and the use of protective clothing and sunscreens on exposed skin.
Vilazodone: Patients receiving vilazodone with medications known to cause hyponatremia, such as diuretics, may be at increased risk of developing hyponatremia. Hyponatremia has occurred in association with the use of antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and mirtazapine. Hyponatremia may manifest as headache, difficulty concentrating, memory impairment, confusion, weakness, and unsteadiness which may result in falls. Severe manifestations include hallucinations, syncope, seizure, coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Symptomatic hyponatremia may require discontinuation of vilazodone, as well as implementation of the appropriate medical interventions.
Vitamin D analogs: Dose adjustment of vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Vitamin D: Dose adjustment of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs may be necessary during coadministration with thiazide diuretics. Additionally, serum calcium concentrations should be monitored frequently. Monitor more frequently in patients with a history of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia may be exacerbated by coadministration of vitamin D or vitamin D analogs and thiazide diuretics. Thiazide diuretics are known to induce hypercalcemia by reducing the excretion of calcium in the urine.
Voriconazole: Voriconazole may inhibit the metabolism of many calcium-channel blockers via inhibition of CYP3A4. Although clinical data are lacking, it may be prudent to exercise caution when co-administering voriconazole and any calcium-channel blocker. Monitor patients heart rate and blood pressure.
Vorinostat: Use vorinostat and thiazide diuretics together with caution; the risk of QT prolongation and arrhythmias may be increased if electrolyte abnormalities occur. Thiazide diuretics may cause electrolyte imbalances including low potassium; hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, or hypocalcemia may increase the risk of QT prolongation with vorinostat. Frequently monitor serum electrolytes if concomitant use of these drugs is necessary.
Vortioxetine: Patients receiving a diuretic during treatment with vortioxetine may be at greater risk of developing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Clinically significant hyponatremia has been reported during therapy with vortioxetine. One case involving serum sodium levels lower than 110 mmol/l has occurred. Hyponatremia may be potentiated by agents which can cause sodium depletion such as diuretics. Discontinuation of vortioxetine should be considered in patients who develop symptomatic hyponatremia.
Warfarin: Coadministration of warfarin with aliskrien decreases the absorption (Cmax) of warfarin by up to 12%. During clinical evaluation, coadministration did not reveal any significant effect on blood coagulation parameters in tested blood samples. Nevertheless, blood coagulation markers should be closely monitored in patients taking both of these medications. Per the prescribing information for warfarin sodium, concomitant use of diuretics (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, osmotic diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and thiazide diuretics) and warfarin may result in an increased or decreased PT/INR. Patients should be monitored for changes in the INR when either of these drugs is initiated or discontinued, or if the dosage is changed.
Yohimbine: Yohimbine (a selective central alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist) can increase blood pressure, and therefore can antagonize the therapeutic action of antihypertensive drugs in general. One study in patients with essential hypertension (n = 25) reported an average rise of 5 mmHg in mean blood pressure and a 66% increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations following yohimbine administration (4 x 5.4 mg tablets PO). Use with particular caution in hypertensive patients with high or uncontrolled BP. Yohimbine can increase blood pressure and therefore can antagonize the therapeutic action of antihypertensive agents. Use with particular caution in hypertensive patients with high or uncontrolled BP.
Zafirlukast: Zafirlukast is a CYP3A4 inhibitor which theoretically may decrease the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine, a CYP3A4 substrate.
Ziconotide: Patients taking diuretics with ziconotide may be at higher risk of depressed levels of consciousness. If altered consciousness occurs, consideration of diuretic cessation is warranted in addition to ziconotide discontinuation.
Zileuton: Zileuton is a CYP3A4 inhibitor, which theoretically may decrease the hepatic metabolismof amlodipine, a CYP3A4 substrate.
Ziprasidone: Monitor potassium and magnesium levels when thiazide diuretics are used during ziprasidone therapy. The risk of QT prolongation from ziprasidone is increased in the presence of hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. Ziprasidone is a moderate antagonist of alpha-1 receptors and may cause orthostatic hypotension with or without tachycardia, dizziness, or syncope. Additive hypotensive effects are possible if ziprasidone is used concurrently with antihypertensive agents.
Zonisamide: Zonisamide is a weak inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and aliskiren is a substrate of P-gp. There is theoretical potential for zonisamide to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are P-gp substrates. Use caution when starting or stopping zonisamide or changing the zonisamide dosage in patients also receiving drugs which are P-gp substrates.

Amturnide Oral Tab: 150-5-12.5mg, 300-10-12.5mg, 300-10-25mg, 300-5-12.5mg, 300-5-25mg

Adults

300 mg/day PO aliskiren; 10 mg/day PO amlodipine; 25 mg/day PO hydrochlorothiazide.

Geriatric

300 mg/day PO aliskiren; 10 mg/day PO amlodipine; 25 mg/day PO hydrochlorothiazide.

Adolescents

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Children

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Infants

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Neonates

Safety and efficacy have not been established.

Aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ combines 3 antihypertensive agents with different mechanisms to lower blood pressure.
Aliskiren: Aliskiren is a renin inhibitor and acts within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a hormone system important in the regulation of blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, and vascular growth. The RAAS includes a cascade of events, beginning with renin, which cleaves the inactive peptide angiotensinogen, converting it to angiotensin I (Ang I). Ang I is then converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to angiotensin II (Ang II). Ang II is a potent vasoconstrictor and promotes aldosterone secretion and sodium reabsorption; these effects increase blood pressure. Ang II also inhibits renin release, thus providing a negative feedback to the system. Agents that inhibit the RAAS suppress the negative feedback loop, which results in a compensatory rise in plasma renin activity (PRA). During treatment with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists, this causes increased levels of PRA; however, because aliskiren blocks the effect of increased renin levels, PRA is reduced whether aliskiren is used as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. Aliskiren significantly inhibits the RAAS in a dose-dependent manner with maximum reductions in Ang II observed within one hour following oral administration. Because renin catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the RAAS and has high specificity for angiotensinogen (its substrate), renin inhibitors present a novel mechanism for blocking this complex hormonal system at its initial point of activation, which results in major potential benefits in blood pressure control and perhaps an improved side effect profile. Whether aliskiren affects other RAAS components (e.g., ACE or non-ACE pathways) is not known.
Amlodipine: Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on the vascular smooth muscle to decrease peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. Amlodipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium across the myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cell membranes. Serum calcium levels remain unchanged. Amlodipine inhibits this influx, and the resultant decrease in intracellular calcium inhibits the contractile processes of the myocardial smooth muscle cells, resulting in dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries. As with other calcium-channel blockers of the dihydropyridine class, amlodipine exerts its effects mainly on arteriolar vasculature. It has no significant effect on sinus node function or cardiac conduction, nor does it possess negative inotropic effects at clinical doses. Because it has a gradual onset when administered orally and chronically, reflex tachycardia does not occur, a side effect that is common with other peripheral vasodilators.
Hydrochlorothiazide: Thiazides affect the renal tubular mechanisms of electrolyte reabsorption, directly increasing excretion of sodium and chloride in approximately equivalent amounts. The natriuretic effects are accompanied by a secondary loss of potassium and bicarbonate, which can cause a mild hypokalemic, hypochloremic, metabolic alkalosis. Thiazides also decrease the elimination of calcium and uric acid. When chronically administered, thiazide diuretics decrease peripheral vascular resistance. The exact mechanism responsible for the lowered peripheral resistance is not known; however, excretion of urinary sodium by the kidneys is required to achieve blood pressure reduction. Initially, diuretics lower blood pressure by decreasing cardiac output, plasma volume, and extracellular fluid volume. Cardiac output eventually returns to normal, plasma and extracellular fluid values return to slightly less than normal, but peripheral vascular resistance is reduced, resulting in lower blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics also decrease the glomerular filtration rate, which contributes to the drug's lower efficacy in patients with renal impairment. The changes in plasma volume induce an elevation in plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion that contributes to the potassium losses associated with thiazide diuretics. The renin-aldosterone link is mediated by angiotensin II, so coadministration of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with these diuretics. In general, diuretics can worsen glucose tolerance and lipid abnormalities.

Aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide is administered orally.
Aliskiren: Aliskiren has an approximate accumulation half-life of 24 hours , allowing for once daily dosing. Steady state blood levels are reached in about 7 to 8 days. It is not known how much of the absorbed dose is metabolized. Aliskiren undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism. After oral administration of radioactively labeled drug, 91% of aliskiren was eliminated unchanged in the feces and 0.6% was eliminated in the urine, suggesting significant involvement of hepatobiliary clearance. Based on in vitro studies, the major enzyme responsible for aliskiren metabolism is CYP3A4; no inhibition or induction of CYP450 isoenzymes by aliskiren have been noted. Approximately 25% of the absorbed dose appears in the urine as parent drug.
Amlodipine: The drug is approximately 93% bound to plasma proteins in hypertensive patients, but drug interactions secondary to displacement from binding sites have not been documented. Like other calcium-channel blockers, amlodipine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 isoenzymes. Amlodipine is extensively metabolized to inactive compounds, and 10% of the parent compound and 60% of the inactive metabolites are excreted in the urine. The terminal half-life is about 30—50 hours, which is significantly longer than other dihydropyridines that are currently available. Steady-state plasma levels of amlodipine are reached after 7 to 8 days of consecutive daily dosing.
Hydrochlorothiazide: Hydrochlorothiazide binds to albumin (40% to 70%) and distributes into erythrocytes. The duration of action ranges from 6 to 12 hours. The drug crosses the placenta, but not the blood-brain barrier, and is distributed into breast milk. Hydrochlorothiazide is not significantly metabolized. About 70% of an orally administered dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. The mean distribution half-life is about 2 hours and the elimination half-life is about 10 hours.
 
Affected cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and drug transporters: CYP3A4 and P-gp
Aliskiren is a CYP3A4 substrate, but it does not inhibit or induce any CYP450 isozymes, including CYP3A4. Preclinical studies indicate it is also a substrate for P-glycoprotein. Amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Its metabolism may theoretically be affected by CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers; however, coadministration of erythromycin in healthy volunteers did not significantly change the systemic exposure.

Oral Route

The rate and extent of absorption of aliskiren, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide following administration of the fixed combination are similar to when they are administered as individual dosage forms.
Aliskiren: Aliskiren is poorly absorbed following oral administration and has a bioavailability of about 2.5%. After oral administration of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide, median peak plasma concentrations of aliskiren are reached within 1 to 2 hours. When aliskiren; amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide is taken with food, mean AUC and Cmax of aliskiren are decreased by 78% and 89%, respectively.
Amlodipine: Amlodipine is slowly absorbed. Oral bioavailability ranges from 64% to 90%. After oral administration of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide, median peak plasma concentrations of amlodipine are reached within 6 to 12 hours. Food does not appear to influence these parameters.
Hydrochlorothiazide: Plasma concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide are linearly related to the administered dose. Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is reduced in patients with congestive heart failure. The bioavailability is approximately 60% to 70%. After oral administration of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide, median peak plasma concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide are reached within 1 to 4 hours. Food does not appear to influence these parameters.

Pregnancy

Aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide is classified in FDA pregnancy risk category D. Once pregnancy is detected, every effort should be made to discontinue aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide therapy. The use of drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters can cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and even death. Drugs such as ACE inhibitors have been associated with fetal and neonatal injury when administered to pregnant women. The reported adverse fetal and neonatal effects include low blood pressure, neonatal skull hypoplasia and craniofacial deformation, fetal limb contractures, hypoplastic lung development, anuria, oligohydramnios, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to exposure to the drug. Women taking aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide should tell their healthcare professionals if they are planning to become pregnant or think they might be pregnant. Inform women of reproductive age about the potential fetal risks of aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide exposure throughout pregnancy. While it was previously thought that adverse effects do not result from first-trimester drug exposure, an observational study based on Tennessee Medicaid data reported that the risk of congenital malformations is significantly increased during first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. However, a much larger observational study (n = 465,754) found that the risk of birth defects was similar in newborns exposed to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester, in those exposed to other antihypertensives during the first trimester, and in those whose mothers were hypertensive but were not treated. Newborns born to mothers with hypertension, either treated or untreated, had a higher risk of birth defects than those born to mothers without hypertension. The authors concluded that the presence of hypertension likely contributed to the development of birth defects rather than the use of medications. Pregnant women should only be prescribed drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system if the expected benefits clearly exceed the potential risks. Rarely (probably less often than once per every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to this type of medications will be found. In these rare cases, the pregnant women should be apprised of the potential hazards to their fetus, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intraamniotic environment. In addition, hydrochlorothiazide crosses the placenta and neonatal jaundice, thrombocytopenia, and possible other reactions reported in adults may occur with the maternal use of thiazide diuretics.

According to the manufacturer, it is not known whether aliskiren or amlodipine is excreted in human milk; thiazide diuretics are distributed into breast milk. Aliskiren is excreted into the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue aliskiren; amlodipine; hydrochlorothiazide, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Consider the benefits of breast-feeding, the risk of potential infant drug exposure, and the risk of an untreated or inadequately treated condition. If a breast-feeding infant experiences an adverse effect related to a maternally ingested drug, healthcare providers are encouraged to report the adverse effect to the FDA.