CONTRAINDICATIONS / PRECAUTIONS
General Information
Topiramate is contraindicated for use in any patient hypersensitive to the drug or any of the product components. Serious and potentially fatal exfoliative dermatologic reactions have been reported in post-marketing experience with topiramate. Cross-sensitivity between antibiotic sulfonamides and nonantibiotic sulfonamides, such as topiramate, is controversial. Antibiotic sulfonamides contain an amine linked to a benzene ring (arylamine moiety), attached directly to the sulfonamide structure; this arylamine attached to the sulfonamide structure is believed to be the central pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions. Although topiramate is a simple sulfonamide, the sulfonamide structure is not directly connected to a ring structure, and it lacks an arylamine moiety. Some experts believe apparent cross-reactivity represents multiple concurrent and unlinked drug hypersensitivities in predisposed patients. Although cross-reactivity with sulfonamide antibiotics appears unlikely, precaution or complete avoidance of nonantibiotic sulfonamides in individuals whose previous reaction was serious and/or life-threatening or in those with multiple drug hypersensitivities may be prudent.
During pre-marketing evaluation of topiramate, 10 sudden unexplained deaths occurred among a cohort group (2,796 subject years of exposure), correlating to an incidence of 0.0035 deaths per patient year. This incidence exceeded the rate expected from a matched, healthy population; however, it was within the range of estimates for sudden unexplained deaths in patients with epilepsy who were not receiving topiramate.
Depression, suicidal ideation
In January 2008, the FDA alerted healthcare professionals of an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior in patients receiving anticonvulsants to treat epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, or other conditions (e.g., migraine, neuropathic pain). This alert followed an initial request by the FDA in March 2005 for manufacturers of marketed anticonvulsants to provide data from existing controlled clinical trials for analysis. Prior to this request, preliminary evidence had suggested a possible link between anticonvulsant use and suicidality. The primary analysis consisted of 199 placebo-controlled clinical studies with a total of 27,863 patients in drug treatment groups and 16,029 patients in placebo groups (>= 5 years of age). There were 4 completed suicides among patients in drug treatment groups versus none in the placebo groups. Patients receiving anticonvulsants had approximately twice the risk of suicidal behavior or ideation as patients receiving placebo (0.43% vs. 0.24%, respectively; RR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2—2.7). The relative risk for suicidality was higher in patients with epilepsy compared to those with other conditions; however, the absolute risk differences were similar in trials for epilepsy and psychiatric indications. Age was not a determining factor. The increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior was observed between 1 and 24 weeks after therapy initiation. However, a longer duration of therapy should not preclude the possibility of an association to the drug since most studies included in the analysis did not continue beyond 24 weeks. Data were analyzed from drugs with adequately designed clinical trials including carbamazepine, felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, pregabalin, tiagabine, topiramate, valproate, and zonisamide. However, this is considered to be a class effect. All patients beginning treatment with anticonvulsants or currently receiving such treatment should be closely monitored for emerging or worsening depression or suicidal thoughts/behavior. Patients and caregivers should be informed of the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and should be advised to immediately report the emergence or worsening of depression, the emergence of suicidal thoughts or behavior, thoughts of self-harm, or other unusual changes in mood or behavior. Anticonvulsants should be prescribed in the smallest quantity consistent with good patient management in order to reduce the risk of overdose.
Abrupt discontinuation
Abrupt discontinuation of topiramate therapy should not be undertaken. Topiramate and other antiepileptic drugs should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency.
Nephrolithiasis
Topiramate should be used cautiously in patients with nephrolithiasis. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH. During clinical trials, 1.3—1.5% of topiramate-treated patients developed kidney stones. This incidence is about 2—4 times that expected in a similar, untreated population and was higher in men. The concomitant use of topiramate with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or in patients on a ketogenic diet may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided. Patients who are receiving topiramate, especially those who have a history of kidney stones, should be instructed to maintain adequate fluid intake in order to reduce the formation of kidney stones.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dialysis, diarrhea, emphysema, metabolic acidosis, renal disease, renal failure, renal impairment, status asthmaticus, status epilepticus, surgery
Topiramate should be used cautiously in patients with renal failure or renal impairment because the major route of elimination of unchanged drug and its metabolites is the kidney. Dosage adjustments may be required (see Dosage). Because topiramate clearance is affected by both glomerular filtration rate and renal tubular reabsorption, there may be some patients with renal disease who do not need dosage adjustments based on creatinine clearance alone. In addition, patients receiving hemodialysis may need dose adjustments in relation to their dialysis sessions (see Dosage). Topiramate has been associated with metabolic acidosis in both adults and pediatrics (see Adverse Reactions) and patients with renal disease may be at greater risk for this complication. Other conditions that may predispose patients to acidosis [i.e., diarrhea, ketogenic diet, severe pulmonary disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, status asthmaticus), surgery, status epilepticus or administration with other bicarbonate-lowering drugs] may have an additive risk for this complication. Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate is recommended during topiramate therapy. If metabolic acidosis occurs, consider reducing the dose or tapering the patient off of topiramate. Alkali treatment (i.e., oral sodium bicarbonate) should be considered if it is decided that the patient continue topiramate despite metabolic acidosis. Patients undergoing surgery that are being treated with topiramate should have a careful history taken preoperatively. Baseline blood chemistries should be measured before surgery to screen for asymptomatic metabolic acidosis.
Hepatic disease
Topiramate should be used with extreme caution in patients with hepatic disease, including cirrhosis. The clearance of topiramate may be decreased in hepatically impaired patients, although the mechanism is not well understood. There have been post-marketing reports of hepatic failure resulting in death.
Children, growth inhibition, infants, neonates
Safety and effectiveness of topiramate in neonates, infants and children below the age of 2 years have not been established. Although not FDA approved in this population, a controlled trial in infants and children less than 2 years of age demonstrated that the degree of metabolic acidosis caused by topiramate was notably greater in this population than that observed in trials of older children and adults, and the incidence was greater with higher doses. Related complications (i.e., growth inhibition, osteomalacia) may occur in pediatric patients with chronic metabolic acidosis. Some data in infants and toddlers with intractable partial seizures receiving topiramate showed reductions from baseline in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data; however, it should be noted that these patients with epilepsy are likely to have different growth rates than healthy infants. Reductions in Z SCORES for length and weight were correlated with the degree of acidosis. Pediatric patients receiving topiramate should be screened for asymptomatic metabolic acidosis prior to surgery. In clinical studies, the incidences of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse events in pediatric patients were generally lower than previously observed in adults.
Driving or operating machinery
Topiramate commonly causes somnolence, fatigue, dizziness and difficulty with concentration, particularly in the first month of therapy. Patients should be advised to use caution when driving or operating machinery, or performing other tasks that require mental alertness until they are aware of whether topiramate adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance. Clinicians should be aware that cognitive and neuropsychiatric events are among the most common adverse reactions seen with topiramate use. Confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulties with memory or speech, depression, fatigue and somnolence are examples of the kind of cognitive and neuropsychiatric dose-related adverse events that can occur. Rapid dose titration and higher initial doses were associated with higher incidences of these events. Many of these events contributed to withdrawal from treatment in clinical trials. While cognitive and neuropsychiatric events do not appear to occur as frequently in the pediatric population, difficulty with concentration or attention was reported as the most common reason for discontinuation in pediatric patients in the monotherapy clinical trials (400 mg/day group).
Closed-angle glaucoma, glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, ocular disease, visual disturbance
Use topiramate cautiously in patients with a history of glaucoma and/or ocular disease. A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in adult and pediatric patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of topiramate initiation and include acute onset visual disturbance and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include myopia, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness), increased intraocular pressure, mydriasis, and supraciliary effusion with anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary closed-angle glaucoma. Visual field defects independent of elevated intraocular pressure have also been reported with topiramate. Patients experiencing ocular disturbances should seek immediate medical attention. Consideration should be given to discontinuing topiramate in an effort to reverse ocular symptoms. Other measures in conjunction with discontinuation of topiramate may be helpful. Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.
Ambient temperature increase
Oligohidrosis and hyperthermia have been reported in post-marketing experience with topiramate; heat stroke may occur. All patients, especially children, should be instructed to limit exposure to ambient temperature increase (i.e., elevated environmental temperature) or other temperature extremes that might aggravate temperature regulation. To help prevent oligohidrosis and hyperthermia in patients treated with topiramate, proper hydration is suggested before and during strenuous activity or exposure to warm temperatures. Use caution when topiramate is prescribed with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders, such as drugs with anticholinergic activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and zonisamide. Since topiramate exhibits carbonic anhydrase inhibitor activity, use with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is not recommended.
Encephalopathy, females, mitochondrial disease
Hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy has been reported with topiramate use and may be dose-related. Females, children under the age of 3 years, and those with inborn errors of metabolism, reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity (mitochondrial disease), or generalized tonic-clonic seizures may be at increased risk. Although hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy has occurred with topiramate monotherapy, it appears to be more common with adjuvant valproate therapy. Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproate may exacerbate existing metabolic deficits or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons, and has been associated with hyperammonemia in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. Monitor serum ammonia concentrations in patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, changes in mental status, or hypothermia. Patients who develop unexplained symptoms of hyperammonemia encephalopathy while receiving antiepileptic therapy should discontinue the afflicting drug and receive prompt treatment for hyperammonemia. In most cases, signs and symptoms abate with discontinuation of either topiramate or valproate.
Geriatric
In clinical trials, 3% of patients receiving topiramate were over 60 years of age. No age-related difference in effectiveness, adverse effects, or pharmacokinetics were seen in geriatric versus younger adults. However, the possibility of age-associated renal functional abnormalities should be considered. Because geriatric patients are at increased risk for renal insufficiency, an estimated GFR measurement should be obtained prior to dosing. According to the Beers Criteria, anticonvulsants are considered potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in geriatric patients with a history of falls or fractures and should be avoided in these patient populations, with the exception of treating seizure and mood disorders, since anticonvulsants can produce ataxia, impaired psychomotor function, syncope, and additional falls. If topiramate must be used, consider reducing use of other CNS-active medications that increase the risk of falls and fractures and implement other strategies to reduce fall risk. The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulates medication use in residents of long-term care facilities. According to the OBRA guidelines, some anticonvulsants may be used to treat disorders other than seizures (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, chronic neuropathic pain, migraine prevention). The need for indefinite continuation in treating any condition should be based on confirmation of the condition and its potential cause(s). Determining effectiveness and tolerability through evaluation of symptoms should be used to adjust doses. Therapeutic drug monitoring is not required or available for most anticonvulsants. In addition, significant signs and symptoms of toxicity can occur at normal or low serum concentrations, and symptom control for seizures or behavior can occur at subtherapeutic serum concentrations. Obtaining serum medication concentrations may assist in identifying toxicity. High or toxic serum concentrations should become a consideration for dosage adjustments. Anticonvulsants may cause liver dysfunction, blood dyscrasias, and serious skin rashes requiring treatment discontinuation. Anticonvulsants may also cause nausea/vomiting, dizziness, ataxia, somnolence/lethargy, incoordination, blurred or double vision, restlessness, toxic encephalopathy, anorexia, and headaches; these effects can increase the risk for falls. When an anticonvulsant is being used to manage behavior, stabilize mood, or treat a psychiatric disorder, the facility should attempt periodic tapering of the medication or provide documentation of medical necessity in accordance with OBRA guidelines.
Autoimmune disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension
In patients at high risk for renal insufficiency (e.g., older patients, or those with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or autoimmune disease), an estimated GFR measurement should be obtained prior to dosing.
Bleeding, thrombocytopenia
Topiramate should be used with caution in patients with thrombocytopenia or an increased risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported for topiramate (4.5% adults and 4.4% pediatrics) than for placebo (3% adults and 2.3% pediatrics); serious bleeding events occurred in 0.3% vs. 0.2% of adult patients and 0.4% vs. 0% of pediatric patients for those treated with topiramate and placebo, respectively. Adverse events reported ranged from mild epistaxis, ecchymosis, and increased menstrual bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhage. In those with serious events, risk factors for bleeding were often present, or patients were taking other drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation. Patients should be instructed to promptly report any bleeding-related events to their practitioner.
Labor, pregnancy
Topiramate can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate infants exposed to topiramate during pregnancy have an increased risk for cleft lip and/or cleft palate and for being small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight < 10th percentile. Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate in women of childbearing potential, particularly when it is being considered for conditions not usually associated with permanent injury or death. Women who are planning a pregnancy should be counseled regarding risks and benefits of topiramate use; alternative therapeutic options should be considered. According to registry data, the prevalence of SGA was 18% to 25% in topiramate-exposed infants compared to 7% in infants exposed to a reference antiepileptic agent (AED) and 5% to 9% in those without antiepileptic drug (AED) exposure. The prevalence of oral clefts was 1.2% compared to 0.39% to 0.46% in infants exposed to another AED. The relative risk of oral clefts in topiramate-exposed pregnancies was 9.6 (95% CI 4 to 23) compared to untreated women. Oral clefts develop in the first trimester before many women know that they are pregnant. Pregnancy registry data also suggest a possible association between the use of topiramate during pregnancy and congenital malformations such as craniofacial defects, hypospadias, and anomalies of various body systems. Registry data and findings from other studies suggest that combination therapy with AEDs may increase the risk of teratogenic effects compared to monotherapy with an AED. Topiramate can cause metabolic acidosis which, when occurring during pregnancy, has been associated with decreased fetal growth, decreased fetal oxygenation, fetal death, and may impact the ability of the fetus to tolerate labor. Women taking topiramate during pregnancy should be monitored for metabolic acidosis and treated as in the nonpregnant state. Newborns of mothers treated with topiramate should be monitored for metabolic acidosis after birth. Topiramate-treated patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. Patients must call 1-888-233-2334 to enroll in the registry. More information can be found at http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.
Breast-feeding
Topiramate is excreted in human breast milk. The effects of topiramate on the breast-fed infant are unknown. Consider the developmental and health benefits from breast-feeding along with the mother's clinical need for topiramate and any potential adverse effects on the breast-fed infant from topiramate or the underlying maternal condition. Data from 5 breast-feeding infants has shown topiramate plasma concentrations of 10% to 20% of the maternal plasma concentration. Based on breast milk concentrations from 3 women taking 150 to 200 mg topiramate daily, it was estimated that a breast-fed infant (assuming a milk intake of 150 mL/kg/day) would receive approximately 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg/day or 3% to 23% of the maternal weight adjusted dose.
Contraception requirements, reproductive risk
Topiramate is associated with reproductive risk. Discuss contraception requirements with the patient. Women of childbearing age who are not planning a pregnancy should use effective contraception because of the fetal risks of oral clefts and being small for gestational age.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Abacavir; Dolutegravir; Lamivudine: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when dolutegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased dolutegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Dolutegravir is partially metabolized by this isoenzyme.
Abciximab: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with topiramate can decrease dihydrocodeine levels, resulting in less metabolism by CYP2D6 and decreased dihydromorphine concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for reduced efficacy of dihydrocodeine and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of dihydrocodeine as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of dihydrocodeine and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Acetaminophen; Dextromethorphan; Doxylamine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Acetaminophen; Diphenhydramine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Acetaminophen; Tramadol: (Moderate) Topiramate may contribute to the CNS depression seen with tramadol; tramadol may also decrease the seizure threshold in some patients and thus, potentially, interfere with the ability of anticonvulsants to control seizures.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree. (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) A decrease in the exposures of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were observed in a clinical trial during concurrent use of topiramate. The clinical significance is unknown; however, results of routine blood glucose monitoring should be carefully followed during coadministration of pioglitazone and topiramate to ensure adequate glucose control.
Alprazolam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy. (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Amlodipine: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree. (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree. (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Amphetamines: (Major) Concurrent use of amphetamines and urinary alkalinizers, such as topiramate, should be avoided. Urinary alkalinizers diminish the urinary excretion of amphetamines by increasing the proportion of non-ionized amphetamines, resulting in increased renal tubular reabsorption of these compounds. The half-life and therapeutic actions of amphetamines will be prolonged in the presence of these drugs. In addition, patients who are taking anticonvulsants for epilepsy/seizure control should use amphetamines with caution. Amphetamines may decrease the seizure threshold and increase the risk of seizures. If seizures occur, amphetamine discontinuation may be necessary.
Anagrelide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Anticholinergics: (Moderate) Use caution if carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are administered with anticholinergics and monitor for excessive anticholinergic adverse effects. The use of topiramate with agents that may increase the risk for heat-related disorders, such as anticholinergics, may lead to oligohidrosis, hyperthermia and/or heat stroke.
Antithrombin III: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Anxiolytics; Sedatives; and Hypnotics: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs (e.g., anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics) with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Apixaban: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Moderate) Use caution if topiramate and aprepitant, fosaprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for a possible decrease in the efficacy of aprepitant for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer; aprepitant is a CYP3A4 substrate. When a single dose of aprepitant (375 mg, or 3 times the maximum recommended dose) was administered on day 9 of a 14-day rifampin regimen (a strong CYP3A4 inducer), the AUC of aprepitant decreased approximately 11-fold and the mean terminal half-life decreased by 3-fold. The manufacturer of aprepitant recommends avoidance of administration with strong CYP3A4 inducers, but does not provide guidance for weak-to-moderate inducers. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares the same drug interactions.
Argatroban: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Because aripiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as topiramate may result in decreased plasma concentrations of aripiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in aripiprazole efficacy. An increase in aripiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients. Avoid concurrent use of Abilify Maintena with a CYP3A4 inducer when the combined treatment period exceeds 14 days because aripiprazole blood concentrations decline and may become suboptimal. There are no dosing recommendations for Aristada or Aristada Initio during use of a mild to moderate CYP3A4 inducer.
Aspirin, ASA: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with topiramate can decrease dihydrocodeine levels, resulting in less metabolism by CYP2D6 and decreased dihydromorphine concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for reduced efficacy of dihydrocodeine and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of dihydrocodeine as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of dihydrocodeine and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Aspirin, ASA; Pravastatin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Atazanavir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when atazanavir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of atazanavir. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Atazanavir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when atazanavir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of atazanavir. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Atazanavir is a substrate of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Atovaquone; Proguanil: (Minor) Proguanil is metabolized to cycloguanil by CYP2C19. Potential interactions between proguanil or cycloguanil and other drugs that are CYP2C19 inhibitors are unknown. Use caution when combining atovaquone; proguanil with CYP2C19 inhibitors, such as topiramate.
Atropine; Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Barbiturates: (Moderate) Although topiramate is not extensively metabolized (70% renally eliminated), an interaction with barbiturates via hepatic isoenzyme activity is possible. In patients receiving either phenobarbital or primidone in combination with topiramate, there was a < 10% change in phenobarbital or primidone plasma concentrations; the effects on topiramate plasma concentrations were not evaluated. Barbiturates may cause additive sedation or other CNS depressive effects when used concurrently with topiramate. When topiramate is combined with phentermine for the treatment of obesity, a greater risk of CNS depression exists. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as the barbiturates, may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Benzodiazepines: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Bivalirudin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Boceprevir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with boceprevir due to the potential for boceprevir treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of topiramate and boceprevir. Topiramate is a weak inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir is a substrate of this isoenzyme. When used in combination, the plasma concentrations of boceprevir may decrease.
Bosentan: (Moderate) Bosentan is a significant inducer of CYP2C9 hepatic isoenzymes.Theoretically, bosentan can increase the hepatic clearance of topiramate, a potential CYP2C9 substrate.
Brexpiprazole: (Moderate) Because brexpiprazole is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, concurrent use of CYP3A4 inducers such as topiramate may result in decreased plasma concentrations of brexpiprazole. If these agents are used in combination, the patient should be carefully monitored for a decrease in brexpiprazole efficacy. An increase in brexpiprazole dosage may be clinically warranted in some patients. Similar precautions apply to combination products containing topiramate such as phentermine; topiramate.
Brompheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Brompheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Bumetanide: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of systemic lidocaine and topiramate may decrease lidocaine plasma concentrations. Higher lidocaine doses may be required; titrate to effect. Lidocaine is a CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrate; topiramate induces CYP3A4.
Bupropion: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold. Bupropion may also interact pharmacokinetically with anticonvulsant drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as carbamazepine, barbiturates, or phenytoin, as well as fosphenytoin and ethotoin.
Bupropion; Naltrexone: (Moderate) Bupropion should not be used by patients with a preexisting seizure disorder because it may lower the seizure threshold. Bupropion may also interact pharmacokinetically with anticonvulsant drugs that induce hepatic microsomal isoenzyme function such as carbamazepine, barbiturates, or phenytoin, as well as fosphenytoin and ethotoin.
Buspirone: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Carbamazepine: (Moderate) Although topiramate is not extensively metabolized (70% renally eliminated), hepatic enzyme inducers. such as carbamazepine, have been shown to reduce topiramate serum concentrations. In patients receiving carbamazepine with topiramate, plasma concentrations of topiramate were decreased by 40% with < 10% change in carbamazepine plasma concentrations. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately.
Carbetapentane; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Carbinoxamine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of acetazolamide or methazolamide with topiramate. Topiramate is a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concomitant use of topiramate with acetazolamide or methazolamide may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of renal stone formation associated with topiramate use. Additionally, through an additive effect, the use of topiramate with agents that may increase the risk for heat-related disorders (acetazolamide and methazolamide), may lead to oligohidrosis, hyperthermia and heat stroke.
Cariprazine: (Major) Cariprazine and its active metabolites are extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. Concurrent use of cariprazine with CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, has not been evaluated and is not recommended because the net effect on active drug and metabolites is unclear.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Chlordiazepoxide: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Chlordiazepoxide; Clidinium: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Chlorothiazide: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with topiramate can decrease dihydrocodeine levels, resulting in less metabolism by CYP2D6 and decreased dihydromorphine concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for reduced efficacy of dihydrocodeine and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of dihydrocodeine as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of dihydrocodeine and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with topiramate can decrease dihydrocodeine levels, resulting in less metabolism by CYP2D6 and decreased dihydromorphine concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for reduced efficacy of dihydrocodeine and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of dihydrocodeine as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of dihydrocodeine and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Chlorpheniramine; Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Chlorpromazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Cilostazol: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as cilostazol may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation. In addition, cilostazol is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP2C19 hepatic isoenzyme and may interact with medications that are inhibitors of CYP2C19, including topiramate.
Citalopram: (Moderate) The plasma concentration of citalopram, a CYP2C19 substrate, may be increased when administered concurrently with topiramate, a CYP2C19 inhibitor. Because citalopram causes dose-dependent QT prolongation, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 20 mg per day in patients receiving CYP2C19 inhibitors. In addition, concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Clomipramine: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Clonazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Clopidogrel: (Major) Topiramate may reduce the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel by inhibiting clopidogrel's metabolism to its active metabolite. Use clopidogrel and topiramate together with caution and monitor for reduced efficacy of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel requires hepatic biotransformation via 2 cytochrome dependent oxidative steps; the CYP2C19 isoenzyme is involved in both steps. Topiramate is an inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Clorazepate: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Cobicistat; Elvitegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased elvitegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Elvitegravir is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Cobicistat; Elvitegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased elvitegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Elvitegravir is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Cobimetinib: (Moderate) If concurrent use of cobimetinib and topiramate is necessary, use caution and monitor for decreased efficacy of cobimetinib. Cobimetinib is a CYP3A substrate in vitro, and topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A. The manufacturer of cobimetinib recommends avoiding coadministration of cobimetinib with moderate or strong CYP3A inducers based on simulations demonstrating that cobimetinib exposure would decrease by 73% or 83% when coadministered with a moderate or strong CYP3A inducer, respectively. Guidance is not available regarding concomitant use of cobimetinib with weak CYP3A inducers.
Conjugated Estrogens; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Dabigatran: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Dapsone: (Minor) The metabolism of dapsone may be accelerated when administered concurrently with topiramate, a known inducer of CYP3A4. Coadministration is expected to decrease the plasma concentration of dapsone and increase the formation of dapsone hydroxylamine (a metabolite associated with hemolysis). If these drugs must be administered together, closely monitor for a reduction in dapsone efficacy and signs of hemolytic anemia.
Darunavir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when darunavir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of darunavir. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Darunavir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is warranted when darunavir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of darunavir. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Darunavir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when cobicistat is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of cobicistat. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Cobicistat is a substrate of CYP3A4. (Moderate) Caution is warranted when darunavir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of darunavir. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Darunavir is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are all metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are all metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Delavirdine: (Moderate) Delavirdine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 and might decrease topiramate metabolism leading to increased topiramate serum concentrations and a risk of adverse reactions.
Desipramine: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Desirudin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Dextromethorphan; Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Diazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Dichlorphenamide: (Moderate) Use dichlorphenamide and topiramate, another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, together with caution as both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis. Concurrent use may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis. Measure sodium bicarbonate concentrations at baseline and periodically during dichlorphenamide treatment. If metabolic acidosis occurs or persists, consider reducing the dose or discontinuing dichlorphenamide therapy.
Diclofenac: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Digoxin: (Moderate) Serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% when coadministered with topiramate. Although the clinical relevance has not been determined, the clinician should be aware that serum digoxin concentrations may be affected when digoxin and topiramate are used concomitantly.
Dihydrocodeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with topiramate can decrease dihydrocodeine levels, resulting in less metabolism by CYP2D6 and decreased dihydromorphine concentrations; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence. If coadministration is necessary, monitor for reduced efficacy of dihydrocodeine and signs of opioid withdrawal; consider increasing the dose of dihydrocodeine as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of dihydrocodeine and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Diltiazem: (Moderate) Coadministrator topiramate with diltiazem with caution. Concomitant administration of diltiazem (240 mg) with topiramate (150 mg/day) resulted in a 10% decrease in Cmax and a 25% decrease in diltiazem AUC, a 27% decrease in Cmax and an 18% decrease in desacetyl diltiazem AUC, and no effect on N-desmethyl diltiazem. Co-administration of topiramate with diltiazem resulted in a 16% increase in Cmax and a 19% increase in AUC of topiramate. Monitor for loss of diltiazem efficacy and or increased adverse events coming from the topiramate component of phentermine;topiramate.
Diphenhydramine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Diphenhydramine; Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Diphenhydramine; Phenylephrine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Dipyridamole: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Dolutegravir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when dolutegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased dolutegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Dolutegravir is partially metabolized by this isoenzyme.
Dolutegravir; Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when dolutegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased dolutegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Dolutegravir is partially metabolized by this isoenzyme. (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Doravirine: (Minor) Concurrent administration of doravirine and topiramate may result in decreased doravirine exposure, resulting in potential loss of virologic control. Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer.
Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Minor) Concurrent administration of doravirine and topiramate may result in decreased doravirine exposure, resulting in potential loss of virologic control. Doravirine is a CYP3A4 substrate; topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer.
Doxepin: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Doxorubicin: (Major) Topiramate is a mild CYP3A4 inducer; doxorubicin is a major substrate of CYP3A4. Inducers of CYP3A4 may decrease the concentration of doxorubicin and compromise the efficacy of chemotherapy. Avoid coadministration of topiramate and doxorubicin if possible. If not possible, monitor doxorubicin closely for efficacy.
Doxylamine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Doxylamine; Pyridoxine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Dronabinol: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with topiramate is necessary, and monitor for a decrease in the efficacy of dronabinol. Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate; topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4. Concomitant use may result in decreased plasma concentrations of dronabinol.
Dronedarone: (Major) The concomitant use of dronedarone and CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided. Dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A. Topiramate induces CYP3A4. Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, with dronedarone may result in reduced plasma concentration and subsequent reduced effectiveness of dronedarone therapy.
Droperidol: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Edoxaban: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering elbasvir with topiramate. Topiramate is a mild CYP3A inducer, while elbasvir is a substrate of CYP3A. Use of these drugs together may decrease the plasma concentrations of elbasvir and could result in decreased virologic response. (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering elbasvir; grazoprevir with topiramate. Topiramate is a mild CYP3A inducer, while grazoprevir is a substrate of CYP3A. Use of these drugs together may decrease the plasma concentrations of grazoprevir and could result in decreased virologic response.
Elvitegravir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased elvitegravir concentrations. Decreased antiretroviral concentrations may lead to a reduction of antiretroviral efficacy and the potential development of viral resistance. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Elvitegravir is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Major) Inducers of CYP3A4 (e.g., topiramate) can decrease exposure to linagliptin to subtherapeutic and likely ineffective concentrations. For patients requiring use of such drugs, an alternative to linagliptin is strongly recommended.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Eptifibatide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Estazolam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Estrogens: (Major) Topiramate can increase the clearance of estrogens and compromise the efficacy of estrogens used as hormone replacement therapies or contraceptives. Patients taking oral contraceptives, non-oral combination contraceptives, or progestions for contraception or patients taking estrogens or progestins for hormone replacement therapy should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of the products may need adjustment; the manufacturer of topiramate recommends that an oral contraceptive containing 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol be used. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethacrynic Acid: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Ethanol: (Major) Ethanol consumption is contraindicated within 6 hours prior to and 6 hours after administration of topiramate extended-release capsules. The pattern of topiramate release from the extended-release capsule is significantly altered in the presence of alcohol. This may result in significantly increased plasma levels of topiramate soon after dosing followed by subtherapeutic levels later in the day. Because of the possibility of additive CNS depressant effects, other dosage formulations of topiramate should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Desogestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Ethynodiol Diacetate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Etonogestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Ferrous bisglycinate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone; Ferrous fumarate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Etonogestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Etoposide, VP-16: (Moderate) Monitor for clinical efficacy of etoposide if used concomitantly with topiramate. Topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4; etoposide, VP-16 is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of etoposide with a strong CYP3A4 inducer (phenytoin) resulted in increased etoposide clearance and reduced efficacy, as did coadministration with a weak inducer of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (valproic acid).
Ezogabine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant ezogabine, may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (23%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Famotidine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Felbamate: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant felbamate may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Flibanserin: (Major) The concomitant use of flibanserin with CYP3A4 inducers significantly decreases flibanserin exposure compared to the use of flibanserin alone. Therefore, concurrent use of flibanserin and CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate is not recommended.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Fluoxetine; Olanzapine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Fluphenazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Flurazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluvoxamine may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Fondaparinux: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Food: (Moderate) Topiramate may influence the pharmacokinetic profile of cannabinoids in Marijuana and may also influence the pharmacodynamic profile. This may result in an altered adverse event profile of one or both drugs. Topiramate is an inducer of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of marijuana's most psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). More study is needed to determine the magnitude and cliniical significance of any pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions. Additive drowsiness and CNS depression is possible. Monitor for changes in moods or behaviors, or for other CNS effects.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Furosemide: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Gefitinib: (Moderate) Monitor for clinical response of gefitinib if used concomitantly with topiramate. Gefitinib is metabolized significantly by CYP3A4 and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer; coadministration may increase gefitinib metabolism and decrease gefitinib concentrations. This also applies to combination products containing topiramate, such as phentermine; topiramate. While the manufacturer has provided no guidance regarding the use of gefitinib with mild or moderate CYP3A4 inducers, administration of a single 500 mg gefitinib dose with a concurrent strong CYP3A4 inducer (rifampin) resulted in reduced mean AUC of gefitinib by 83%.
Glimepiride; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) A decrease in the exposures of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were observed in a clinical trial during concurrent use of topiramate. The clinical significance is unknown; however, results of routine blood glucose monitoring should be carefully followed during coadministration of pioglitazone and topiramate to ensure adequate glucose control.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Glyburide: (Minor) Coadministration of glyburide with topiramate may decrease systemic exposure to glyburide. A pharmacokinetic drug interaction study evaluated the combination of topiramate and glyburide. Reductions in AUC and Cmax were noted for glyburide and the active metabolites.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown. (Minor) Coadministration of glyburide with topiramate may decrease systemic exposure to glyburide. A pharmacokinetic drug interaction study evaluated the combination of topiramate and glyburide. Reductions in AUC and Cmax were noted for glyburide and the active metabolites.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Heparin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydantoins: (Moderate) Although topiramate is not extensively metabolized (70% renally eliminated), hepatic enzyme inducers, such as hydantoins, have been shown to reduce topiramate serum concentrations.Topiramate may increase phenytoin concentrations through its inhibitory effects on CYP2C19. In some patients receiving phenytoin concurrently with topiramate, plasma concentrations of phenytoin were increased by 25% and topiramate plasma concentrations were decreased by 48%. These patients were generally receiving dosage regimens of phenytoin twice-daily. Other patients experienced a change of < 10% in phenytoin plasma concentrations. A similar reaction would be expected with fosphenytoin or ethotoin. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as the hydantoins, may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately.
Hydralazine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Irbesartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Lisinopril: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Losartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Metoprolol: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Quinapril: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Spironolactone: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Telmisartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Triamterene: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Valsartan: (Major) Concurrent use or topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., thiazide diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Additionally, the addition of HCTZ to topiramate therapy may require a reduction in the topiramate dose. Alternatively, the discontinuation of HCTZ therapy may require a dose increase in topiramate. In a pharmacokinetic drug interaction study, the topiramate Cmax and AUC increased by 27% and 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not altered to any significant degree.
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation. (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrocodone; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Monitor for reduced efficacy of hydrocodone and signs of opioid withdrawal if coadministration with topiramate is necessary; consider increasing the dose of hydrocodone as needed. If topiramate is discontinued, consider a dose reduction of hydrocodone and frequently monitor for signs or respiratory depression and sedation. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use with CYP3A4 inducers can decrease hydrocodone levels; this may result in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the coadministration of hydroxychloroquine and antiepileptic drugs, such as topiramate. Hydroxychloroquine can lower the seizure threshold; therefore, the activity of antiepileptic drugs may be impaired with concomitant use.
Hydroxyprogesterone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Hydroxyzine: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde. (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Imatinib: (Moderate) Imatinib is a potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2C9 and might decrease topiramate metabolism leading to increased topiramate serum concentrations and a risk of adverse reactions.
Imipramine: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring are warranted when isavuconazonium is administered with topiramate as there is a potential for decreased concentrations of isavuconazonium. Decreased isavuconazonium concentrations may lead to a reduction of antifungal efficacy and the potential for treatment failure. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is a sensitive substrate of this enzyme.
Ivabradine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivabradine and topiramate. Ivabradine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4; topiramte is a weak inducer of CYP3A4. Coadministration may decrease the plasma concentrations of ivabradine resulting in the potential for treatment failure.
Kava Kava, Piper methysticum: (Major) The German Commission E warns that any substances that act on the CNS, including anticonvulsants, may interact with kava kava. While the interactions can be pharmacodynamic in nature, kava kava has been reported to inhibit many CYP isozymes (i.e., CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, and 4A9/11) and important pharmacokinetic interactions with CNS-active agents that undergo oxidative metabolism via these CYP isozymes are also possible. Persons taking an anticonvulsant should discuss the use of herbal supplements with their health care professional prior to consuming them.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Lacosamide: (Moderate) Use lacosamide with caution in patients taking concomitant medications that affect cardiac conduction including those that prolong PR interval, such as sodium channel blocking anticonvulsants (e.g., topiramate), because of the risk of AV block, bradycardia, or ventricular tachyarrhythmia. If use together is necessary, obtain an ECG prior to lacosamide initiation and after treatment has been titrated to steady-state. In addition, monitor patients receiving lacosamide via the intravenous route closely.
Lamotrigine: (Moderate) Use caution when coadministering lamotrigine and topiramate. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as lamotrigine, may increase the risk of bleeding. In pediatric patients who underwent craniotomy for epilepsy surgery (n = 84), treatment for confirmed or suspected coagulopathy was required in 5 of 7 patients taking a regimen of topiramate and lamotrigine, approximately one-third of the overall study population requiring blood products. Concurrent use may also result in significant CNS depression. Further, co-administration of topiramate and lamotrigine resulted in a 13% decrease in topiramate concentration; however, the clinical significance of this finding is unknown. Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine do not appear to be affected by the combined use of the drugs.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Lepirudin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Levetiracetam: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant levetiracetam, may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Levonorgestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Lidocaine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of systemic lidocaine and topiramate may decrease lidocaine plasma concentrations. Higher lidocaine doses may be required; titrate to effect. Lidocaine is a CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrate; topiramate induces CYP3A4.
Linagliptin: (Major) Inducers of CYP3A4 (e.g., topiramate) can decrease exposure to linagliptin to subtherapeutic and likely ineffective concentrations. For patients requiring use of such drugs, an alternative to linagliptin is strongly recommended.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown. (Major) Inducers of CYP3A4 (e.g., topiramate) can decrease exposure to linagliptin to subtherapeutic and likely ineffective concentrations. For patients requiring use of such drugs, an alternative to linagliptin is strongly recommended.
Lithium: (Moderate) In patients, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses of 200 mg/day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure of lithium (27% for Cmax and 26% for AUC) following topiramate doses up to 600 mg/day. Lithium levels should be monitored; monitor patients for adequate control of symptoms when phentermine; topiramate is added to lithium therapy.
Lofexidine: (Moderate) Monitor for additive sedation during coadministration of lofexidine and anticonvulsants. Lofexidine can potentiate the effects of CNS depressants. Patients should be advised to avoid driving or performing any other tasks requiring mental alertness until the effects of the combination are known.
Loop diuretics: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Loperamide: (Moderate) The plasma concentration and efficacy of loperamide may be reduced when administered concurrently with topiramate. Loperamide is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4; topiramate is a mild inducer of this enzyme.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) The plasma concentration and efficacy of loperamide may be reduced when administered concurrently with topiramate. Loperamide is metabolized by the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4; topiramate is a mild inducer of this enzyme.
Lopinavir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Lorazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Low Molecular Weight Heparins: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Lurasidone: (Moderate) Because lurasidone is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, decreased plasma concentrations of lurasidone may theoretically occur when the drug is co-administered with inducers of CYP3A4 such as topiramate.
Magnesium Salicylate: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Maprotiline: (Moderate) Maprotiline, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold, leading to pharmacodynamic interactions. Monitor patients on anticonvulsants carefully when maprotiline is used concurrently. Because of the lowering of seizure threshold, an alternative antidepressant may be a more optimal choice for patients taking drugs for epilepsy.
Maraviroc: (Minor) Use caution if coadministration of maraviroc with topiramate is necessary, due to a possible decrease in maraviroc exposure. Maraviroc is a CYP3A substrate and topiramate is a CYP3A4 inducer. Monitor for a decrease in maraviroc efficacy with concomitant use.
Meclofenamate Sodium: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Medroxyprogesterone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Mefloquine: (Moderate) Coadministration of mefloquine and anticonvulsants may result in lower than expected anticonvulsant concentrations and loss of seizure control. Monitoring of the anticonvulsant serum concentration is recommended. Dosage adjustments may be required during and after therapy with mefloquine.
Megestrol: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Mesoridazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Metformin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Metformin; Pioglitazone: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown. (Moderate) A decrease in the exposures of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were observed in a clinical trial during concurrent use of topiramate. The clinical significance is unknown; however, results of routine blood glucose monitoring should be carefully followed during coadministration of pioglitazone and topiramate to ensure adequate glucose control.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Major) Concurrent use of topiramate and metformin is contraindicated in patients with metabolic acidosis. Topiramate frequently causes metabolic acidosis, a condition for which the use of metformin is contraindicated. During a drug interaction study evaluating concurrent use of topiramate and metformin in healthy volunteers, the following changes in metformin pharmacokinetics were observed: the mean Cmax was increased by 17%, the mean AUC was increased by 25%, and the oral plasma clearance was decreased by 20%. The oral plasma clearance of topiramate was reduced, but the extent of the change is unknown.
Methenamine: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: (Moderate) Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting drugs, such as topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) can alkalinize the urine, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of methenamine by inhibiting the conversion of methenamine to formaldehyde.
Midazolam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Molindone: (Moderate) Consistent with the pharmacology of molindone, additive effects may occur with other CNS active drugs such as anticonvulsants. In addition, seizures have been reported during the use of molindone, which is of particular significance in patients with a seizure disorder receiving anticonvulsants. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when molindone is added; patients should be monitored for clinical evidence of loss of seizure control or the need for dosage adjustments of either molindone or the anticonvulsant.
Nabumetone: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Naproxen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Naproxen; Sumatriptan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Nisoldipine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of nisoldipine with topiramate due to decreased plasma concentrations of nisoldipine. Alternative antihypertensive therapy should be considered. Nisoldipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Coadministration with a strong CYP3A4 inducer lowered nisoldipine plasma concentrations to undetectable levels.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Norethindrone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Norgestrel: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of dasabuvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (minor) are all metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together. (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Oxaprozin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Oxazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Paroxetine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like paroxetine may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Pazopanib: (Moderate) Coadministration of pazopanib and topiramate may cause a decrease in systemic concentrations of pazopanib. Use caution when administering these drugs concomitantly. Pazopanib is a substrate for CYP3A4. Topiramate in a weak CYP3A4 inducer.
Pemoline: (Major) A reduction in seizure threshold has been reported following concomitant administration of pemoline with anticonvulsant agents. Dosage adjustments of anticonvulsants may be necessary during simultaneous use of these drugs.
Pentosan: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Perampanel: (Moderate) During clinical trials, co-administration of topiramate and perampanel to patients led to a 20% decrease in the AUC of perampanel compared to patients not taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. Topiramate is an inducer of CYP3A4, while perampanel is a substrate of this enzyme. Patients taking topiramate who begin treatment with perampanel should be closely monitored for adverse effects and receive a higher initial dose of perampanel. Addition or withdrawal of enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs may require a perampanel dose adjustment.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Minor) Coadministration of CYP3A4 inducers with amlodipine can theoretically increase the hepatic metabolism of amlodipine (a CYP3A4 substrate). Caution should be used when CYP3A4 inducers, such as topiramate, are coadministered with amlodipine. Monitor therapeutic response; the dosage requirements of amlodipine may be increased.
Perphenazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added. (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Phenothiazines: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Pioglitazone: (Moderate) A decrease in the exposures of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were observed in a clinical trial during concurrent use of topiramate. The clinical significance is unknown; however, results of routine blood glucose monitoring should be carefully followed during coadministration of pioglitazone and topiramate to ensure adequate glucose control.
Piroxicam: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Prasugrel: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Pregabalin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant pregabalin, may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Probenecid: (Minor) Probenecid may increase the renal clearance of topiramate resulting in lower topiramate concentrations. Although not evaluated in humans, animal studies using probenecid along with topiramate showed a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate. This suggests that topiramate may undergo renal tubular reabsorption. Probenecid may block renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate, thus increasing the renal clearance of the drug.
Prochlorperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Progesterone: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Progestins: (Major) Topiramate may increase the clearance and compromise the efficacy of progestins used in contraception or hormone replacement therapies. In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, a combination oral contraceptive (containing norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) administered with only topiramate at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day did not result in clinically significant alterations of AUC for either component of the oral contraceptive. Norethindrone pharmacokinetics were not significantly affected. However, pregnancy has been reported in patients who are using hormonal-containing contraceptives and taking hepatic enzyme inducers like topiramate. Patients taking progestin-containing contraceptives or patients taking progestins for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) should report changes in their bleeding patterns to their prescribers. Reduced contraceptive efficacy can occur even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding. Dosages of hormone replacement products may need adjustment. Different or additional forms of contraception may also be needed.
Protriptyline: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Quazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Ramelteon: (Major) Although not specifically studied, coadministration of CNS depressant drugs with topiramate may potentiate CNS depression such as dizziness or cognitive adverse reactions, or other centrally mediated effects of these agents. Monitor for increased CNS effects if coadministering.
Rilpivirine: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering topiramate with rilpivirine due to the potential for rilpivirine treatment failure. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions can be made based on metabolic pathways. Topiramate is an inducer of the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; rilpivirine is metabolized by this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in decreased rilpivirine serum concentrations and impaired virologic response.
Ritonavir: (Moderate) Concurrent administration of topiramate with ritonavir may result in decreased concentrations of ritonavir. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Ritonavir is metabolized by this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Rivaroxaban: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation. However, coadministration of rivaroxaban and topiramate may result in decreased rivaroxaban exposure and may decrease the efficacy of rivaroxaban. Topiramate is a mild inducer of CYP3A4, and rivaroxaban is a substrate of CYP3A4. If these drugs are administered concurrently, monitor the patient for signs of bleeding or lack of efficacy of rivaroxaban.
Rofecoxib: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Romidepsin: (Moderate) Romidepsin is a substrate for CYP3A4. Coadministration of a CYP3A4 inducer, like topiramate, may decrease systemic concentrations of romidepsin. Use caution when concomitant administration of these agents is necessary.
Rufinamide: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant rufinamide, may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Salicylates: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Salsalate: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Sertraline: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like topiramate may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Simeprevir: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of simeprevir and topiramate. Induction of CYP3A4 by topiramate may significantly reduce the plasma concentrations of simeprevir, resulting in treatment failure.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: (Major) Use caution when administering velpatasvir with topiramate. Taking these drugs together may decrease velpatasvir plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in loss of antiviral efficacy. Velpatasvir is a CYP3A4 substrate; topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Major) Use caution when administering velpatasvir with topiramate. Taking these drugs together may decrease velpatasvir plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in loss of antiviral efficacy. Velpatasvir is a CYP3A4 substrate; topiramate is a weak inducer of CYP3A4.
Solifenacin: (Moderate) Through an additive effect, the use of topiramate with agents that may increase the risk for heat related disorders, such as solifenacin, may lead to oligohidrosis, hyperthermia, and/or heat stroke.
Sulindac: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Telithromycin: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when topiramate is administered with telithromycin as there is a potential for decreased telithromycin concentrations and loss of efficacy. Topiramate is not extensively metabolized, but is a mild CYP3A4 inducer. Telithromycin is a substrate of CYP3A4.
Temazepam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Terbinafine: (Moderate) Caution is advised when administering terbinafine with topiramate. Although this interaction has not been studied by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may alter the systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs. Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenyzmes, with major contributions coming from CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; topiramate is an inducer of CYP3A4 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19. Monitor patients for adverse reactions and breakthrough fungal infections if these drugs are coadministered.
Thiethylperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Thioridazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Thrombin Inhibitors: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, enoxaparin, dabigatran) may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Tiagabine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia such as the anticonvulsant tiagabine, may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ticagrelor: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Ticlopidine: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Tirofiban: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as aspirin, ASA and other salicylates or platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2-3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Tolmetin: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Tolterodine: (Moderate) Through an additive effect, the use of topiramate (a weak carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) with agents that may increase the risk for heat-related disorders, such as antimuscarinics, may lead to oligohidrosis, hyperthermia and/or heat stroke.
Tolvaptan: (Major) Tolvaptan is metabolized by CYP3A4. Topiramate is an inducer of CYP3A4. Coadministration may result in reduced plasma concentration and subsequent reduced effectiveness of tolvaptan therapy and should be avoided. If coadministration is unavoidable, an increase in the tolvaptan dose may be necessary and patients should be monitored for decreased effectiveness of tolvaptan.
Torsemide: (Moderate) Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Concurrent use of topiramate with non-potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) may potentiate the potassium-wasting action of these diuretics. Monitor baseline and periodic potassium concentrations during coadministration.
Tramadol: (Moderate) Topiramate may contribute to the CNS depression seen with tramadol; tramadol may also decrease the seizure threshold in some patients and thus, potentially, interfere with the ability of anticonvulsants to control seizures.
Trazodone: (Moderate) Trazodone can lower the seizure threshold of anticonvulsants, although the overall risk is low at therapeutic doses. Patients may require increased concentrations of anticonvulsants to achieve equivalent effects if trazodone is added.
Tretinoin, ATRA: (Moderate) Topiramate may increase the CYP450 metabolism of tretinoin, ATRA, potentially resulting in decreased plasma concentrations of tretinoin, ATRA. Monitor for decreased clinical effects of tretinoin, ATRA while receiving concomitant therapy.
Triazolam: (Moderate) Topiramate has the potential to cause CNS depression as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The CNS depressant effects of topiramate can be potentiated pharmacodynamically by concurrent use of CNS depressant agents such as the benzodiazepines. Concurrent use of topiramate and benzodiazepines associated with thrombocytopenia (e.g., clonazepam, lorazepam, and clobazam), may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately during benzodiazepine therapy.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Trifluoperazine: (Moderate) The phenothiazines, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can lower the seizure threshold. Adequate dosages of anticonvulsants should be continued when a phenothiazine is added.
Trimipramine: (Moderate) Tricyclic antidepressants, when used concomitantly with anticonvulsants, can increase CNS depression and may also lower the seizure threshold. In addition, during concurrent use of topiramate and amitriptyline the Cmax and AUC of amitriptyline were increased by 12%. Dosage adjustments of amitriptyline may be needed based upon tolerability to the regimen during combined use of amitriptyline and topiramate.
Trospium: (Moderate) Oligohidrosis and hyperthermia have been reported in post-marketing experience with topiramate. Use caution when topiramate is prescribed with agents known to predispose patients to similar heat-related disorders such as trospium.
Ulipristal: (Major) Avoid administration of ulipristal with drugs that induce CYP3A4. Ulipristal is a substrate of CYP3A4 and topiramate is a CYP3A4 inducer. Concomitant use may decrease the plasma concentration and effectiveness of ulipristal.
Valdecoxib: (Moderate) Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (2 to 3%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Major) Concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid has been associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. In addition, concomitant administration of topiramate and valproic acid has been associated with hypothermia with or without hyperammonemia in patients who have tolerated either drug alone. Assessment of blood ammonia levels may be advisable in patients presenting with symptoms of hypothermia. Concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that cause thrombocytopenia, such as valproic acid, may also increase the risk of bleeding; monitor patients appropriately. In several case reports, children with localized epilepsy have presented with somnolence, seizure exacerbation, behavioral alteration, decline in speech and cognitive abilities, and ataxia while being treated with a combination of valproate and topiramate. Previously, the children tolerated valproic acid with other antiepileptic drugs. Children presented with elevated serum ammonia, normal or elevated LFTs, and generalized slowing of EEG background activity during encephalopathy, which promptly reverted to normal along with clinical improvement following withdrawal of valproate. The possible mechanism is topiramate-induced aggravation of all the known complications of valproic acid monotherapy; it is not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction. This condition is reversible with cessation of either valproic acid or topiramate.
Vemurafenib: (Major) Concomitant use of vemurafenib and topiramate may result in decreased concentrations of vemurafenib. Vemurafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and topiramate is a weak CYP3A4 inducer. Use caution and monitor patients for therapeutic effects.
Vorapaxar: (Moderate) Use caution during concurrent use of vorapaxar and topiramate. Decreased serum concentrations of vorapaxar and thus decreased efficacy are possible when vorapaxar, a CYP3A4 substrate, is coadministered with topiramate, a mild inducer of CYP3A4 in vitro. In addition, concurrent use of topiramate and drugs that affect platelet function such as platelet inhibitors may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate (4.5%) compared to placebo (23%). In those with severe bleeding events, patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia or affect platelet function or coagulation.
Warfarin: (Moderate) A decrease of the INR or prothrombin time has been reported during postmarketing experience with topiramate when given concomitantly with warfarin. Additionally, concurrent use of topiramate and anticoagulants may increase the risk of bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials, bleeding was more frequently reported in patients receiving topiramate compared to placebo. In patients with serious bleeding events, conditions that increased the risk for bleeding, including concurrent use of drugs that affect coagulation, were often present.
Zonisamide: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, heat intolerance, decreased sweating or increased body temperature and bleeding if coadministration of topiramate and zonisamide is necessary. Because both topiramate and zonisamide are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, concurrent use may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis and increase the risk of kidney stone formation. In addition, zonisamide may cause decreased sweating, elevated body temperature (hyperthermia), heat intolerance, or heat stroke. The manufacturer recommends caution in using concurrent drug therapies that may predispose patients to heat-related disorders such as topiramate. Zonisamide has also been associated with thrombocytopenia; concurrent use with topiramate may increase the risk of bleeding.