DRUG INTERACTIONS
Abatacept: (Moderate) Concomitant use of immunosuppressives may potentially increase the risk of serious infection in abatacept treated patients. Advise patients taking abatacept to seek immediate medical advice if they develop signs and symptoms suggestive of infection.
Abemaciclib: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in abemaciclib-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cyclosporine is necessary; consider reducing the dose of abemaciclib in 50-mg decrements if toxicities occur. Discontinue abemaciclib for patients unable to tolerate 50 mg twice daily. Abemaciclib is a CYP3A4 substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors is predicted to increase the relative potency adjusted unbound AUC of abemaciclib plus its active metabolites (M2, M18, and M20) by approximately 1.6- to 2.4-fold.
Abrocitinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with abrocitinib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and abrocitinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Acalabrutinib: (Major) Decrease the acalabrutinib dose to 100 mg PO once daily if coadministered with cyclosporine. Coadministration may result in increased acalabrutinib exposure and toxicity (e.g., infection, bleeding, and atrial arrhythmias). Acalabrutinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. In physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulations, the Cmax and AUC values of acalabrutinib were increased by 2- to almost 3-fold when acalabrutinib was coadministered with moderate CYP3A inhibitors.
Acarbose: (Moderate) Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Therefore, a pharmacodynamic interaction is possible. Monitor the blood glucose.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with cyclosporine may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Acetaminophen; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Acetaminophen; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Acetaminophen; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Acetaminophen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. If cyclosporine is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a moderate inhibitor like cyclosporine can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If cyclosporine is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Acetazolamide: (Minor) Acetazolamide may increase serum cyclosporine concentrations. If cyclosporine and acetazolamide are to be coadministered, monitor the patient for cyclosporine toxicity.
Acyclovir: (Moderate) Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if cyclosporine is administered with other nephrotoxic drugs such as acyclovir. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully.
Adagrasib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with adagrasib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A and P-gp substrate and adagrasib is a strong CYP3A and P-gp inhibitor.
Adalimumab: (Moderate) The safety and efficacy of adalimumab in patients with immunosuppression have not been evaluated. Patients receiving cyclosporine along with adalimumab may be at a greater risk of developing an infection.
Adefovir: (Moderate) Chronic coadministration of adefovir with nephrotoxic drugs, such as cyclosporine, may increase the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, even in patients who have normal renal function. Cyclosporine itself can cause structural kidney damage. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully during co-use.
Afatinib: (Moderate) If the concomitant use of cyclosporine and afatinib is necessary, monitor for afatinib-related adverse reactions. If the original dose of afatinib is not tolerated, consider reducing the daily dose of afatinib by 10 mg; resume the previous dose of afatinib as tolerated after discontinuation of cyclosporine. The manufacturer of afatinib recommends permanent discontinuation of therapy for severe or intolerant adverse drug reactions at a dose of 20 mg per day, but does not address a minimum dose otherwise. Afatinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and cyclosporine is a P-gp inhibitor; coadministration may increase plasma concentrations of afatinib. Administration with another P-gp inhibitor, given 1 hour before a single dose of afatinib, increased afatinib exposure by 48%; there was no change in afatinib exposure when the P-gp inhibitor was administered at the same time as afatinib or 6 hours later. In healthy subjects, the relative bioavailability for AUC and Cmax of afatinib was 119% and 104%, respectively, when coadministered with the same P-gp inhibitor, and 111% and 105% when the inhibitor was administered 6 hours after afatinib.
Albiglutide: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents, including albiglutide. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia. It may have direct beta-cell toxicity; the effects may be dose-related.
Aldesleukin, IL-2: (Moderate) Aldesleukin may cause nephrotoxicity. Concurrent administration of drugs possessing nephrotoxic effects with Aldesleukin, such as cyclosporine, may increase the risk of kidney dysfunction. In addition, reduced kidney function secondary to Aldesleukin treatment may delay elimination of concomitant medications and increase the risk of adverse events from those drugs.
Aliskiren: (Major) Concomitant use of aliskiren with cyclosporine is not recommended because of significantly increased aliskiren blood concentrations and an increase in the number and/or intensity of adverse events such as headache, hot flushes, nausea, vomiting, and somnolence. Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. As compared with aliskiren monotherapy, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of aliskiren was increased approximately 2.5-fold, and the systemic exposure was increased approximately 4.3-fold after a single 75 mg dose was given with a single cyclosporine 200 mg dose to healthy patients. Also, as compared with aliskiren receipt alone, prolongation of the median aliskiren elimination half-life (43 to 45 hours versus 26 hours) and the time to the maximum serum concentration (1.5 to 2 hours versus 0.5 hours) were noted. The mean systemic exposure and Cmax of cyclosporine were comparable to reported literature values.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Concomitant use of aliskiren with cyclosporine is not recommended because of significantly increased aliskiren blood concentrations and an increase in the number and/or intensity of adverse events such as headache, hot flushes, nausea, vomiting, and somnolence. Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Aliskiren is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. As compared with aliskiren monotherapy, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of aliskiren was increased approximately 2.5-fold, and the systemic exposure was increased approximately 4.3-fold after a single 75 mg dose was given with a single cyclosporine 200 mg dose to healthy patients. Also, as compared with aliskiren receipt alone, prolongation of the median aliskiren elimination half-life (43 to 45 hours versus 26 hours) and the time to the maximum serum concentration (1.5 to 2 hours versus 0.5 hours) were noted. The mean systemic exposure and Cmax of cyclosporine were comparable to reported literature values.
Allopurinol: (Moderate) Monitoring of cyclosporine levels and possible adjustment of cyclosporine dosage should be considered when these drugs are used together. Reports indicate that cyclosporine levels may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity.
Alpelisib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of alpelisib with cyclosporine due to increased exposure to alpelisib and the risk of alpelisib-related toxicity. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for alpelisib-related adverse reactions. Alpelisib is a BCRP substrate and cyclosporine is a BCRP inhibitor.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Therefore, a pharmacodynamic interaction is possible. Monitor the blood glucose.
Alprazolam: (Major) Avoid coadministration of alprazolam and cyclosporine due to the potential for elevated alprazolam concentrations, which may cause prolonged sedation and respiratory depression. If coadministration is necessary, consider reducing the dose of alprazolam as clinically appropriate and monitor for an increase in alprazolam-related adverse reactions. Lorazepam, oxazepam, or temazepam may be safer alternatives if a benzodiazepine must be administered in combination with cyclosporine, as these benzodiazepines are not oxidatively metabolized. Alprazolam is a CYP3A4 substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with other moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors increased alprazolam exposure by 1.6- to 1.98-fold.
Alvimopan: (Moderate) Alvimopan is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Although the concomitant use of mild to moderate inhibitors of P-gp did not influence the pharmacokinetics of alvimopan, the concomitant use of strong P-gp inhibitors, such as cyclosporine, has not been studied. Coadministration of cyclosporine and alvimopan may result in elevated concentrations of alvimopan. If these drugs are coadministered, patients should be monitored for increased toxicity as well as increased therapeutic effect of alvimopan.
Ambrisentan: (Major) When coadministering ambrisentan with cyclosporine, the ambrisentan dose should not be titrated to the recommended maximum daily dose. Limit the adult dose of ambrisentan to 5 mg once daily when coadministered with cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is a strong inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, OATP, and CYP3A4. In vitro data indicate ambrisentan is a substrate of P-glycoprotein, OATP, and CYP3A4. Cyclosporine twice daily (targeting a trough concentration of 150 - 200 ng/mL) and ambrisentan (5 mg once daily) were coadministered in a 14-day repeated dose study in healthy volunteers. The AUC and Cmax of ambrisentan increased approximately 2-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively.
Amikacin: (Major) Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if cyclosporine is administered with other nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides.
Amiloride: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of cyclosporine and potassium-sparing diuretics, such as amiloride, due to the risk of hyperkalemia. If concomitant use is necessary, closely monitor serum potassium concentrations.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of cyclosporine and potassium-sparing diuretics, such as amiloride, due to the risk of hyperkalemia. If concomitant use is necessary, closely monitor serum potassium concentrations.
Amiodarone: (Moderate) Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Amiodarone is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and may decrease the clearance of cyclosporine, which may reduce cyclosporine dosage requirements or cause cyclosporine toxicity.
Amlodipine: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals.
Amlodipine; Atorvastatin: (Major) FDA-approved labeling recommends avoiding coadministration of atorvastatin and cyclosporine. However, guidelines recommend limiting the atorvastatin dose to 10 mg/day in patients receiving cyclosporine. Concomitant administration increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Atorvastatin is a substrate for OATP1B1 transporter; cyclosporine is an inhibitor of this transporter. Concomitant administration of atorvastatin 10 mg and cyclosporine 5.2 mg/kg/day resulted in a significantly higher atorvastatin AUC (8.7-fold higher) compared to that of atorvastatin alone. (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals.
Amlodipine; Celecoxib: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. (Moderate) Serum creatinine,potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like olmesartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with olmesartan.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like valsartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with valsartan. Additionally, valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 and cyclosporine is an inhibitor of OATP. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Caution should be used when cyclosporine is coadministered with amlodipine; therapeutic response should be monitored, including cyclosporine levels as necessary. Amlodipine may increase cyclosporine concentrations. In one study, whole blood cyclosporine trough concentrations increased from 140.2 +/- 18.2 to 200 +/- 21.9 mcg/L after amlodipine addition. In another study, the systemic exposure (AUC) of cyclosporine increased following the addition of amlodipine, and was decreased in the absence of the drug. The postulated mechanism is the inhibitory effect of amlodipine on the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of cyclosporine from intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, amlodipine is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Also, amlodipine is a CYP3A4 substrate and theoretically, cyclosporine, may increase the plasma concentration of amlodipine via CYP3A4 inhibition; this effect might lead to hypotension in some individuals. (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like valsartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with valsartan. Additionally, valsartan is a substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter OATP1B1 and cyclosporine is an inhibitor of OATP. Coadministration may increase systemic exposure to valsartan. Patients should be monitored for adverse effects of valsartan.
Amobarbital: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Major) Clarithromycin may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine via inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, thus increasing cyclosporine's effects and the potential for toxicity. Clarithromycin may also reduce the intestinal metabolism of cyclosporine. It has been recommended to avoid cyclosporine in combination with macrolide agents or reduce the cyclosporine dosage by 50% when it is necessary to give any macrolides concurrently. Increased cyclosporine concentrations may be seen with 2 days of beginning combination therapy. In managing potential interactions between macrolides and cyclosporine, appropriate monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is critical to help avoid graft failure or drug-related toxicity.
Amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC): (Moderate) Cyclosporine should be used cautiously with nephrotoxic drugs, such as amphotericin B, as cyclosporine itself can cause structural kidney damage. Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if these drugs are administered together. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully.
Amphotericin B liposomal (LAmB): (Moderate) Cyclosporine should be used cautiously with nephrotoxic drugs, such as amphotericin B, as cyclosporine itself can cause structural kidney damage. Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if these drugs are administered together. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully.
Amphotericin B: (Moderate) Cyclosporine should be used cautiously with nephrotoxic drugs, such as amphotericin B, as cyclosporine itself can cause structural kidney damage. Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if these drugs are administered together. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Moderate) Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of ACE could reduce renal function acutely. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with ACE inhibitors or potassium salts.
Apalutamide: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine levels and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with apalutamide is necessary. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and has a narrow therapeutic index; apalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Moderate) Avoid the concomitant use of cyclosporine with aprepitant, fosaprepitant due to substantially increased exposure of aprepitant; cyclosporine levels may also be affected. If coadministration cannot be avoided, use caution and monitor cyclosporine levels, as well as watching for an increase in cyclosporine- and aprepitant-related adverse effects for several days after administration of a multi-day aprepitant regimen. Cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and aprepitant is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration of daily oral aprepitant (230 mg, or 1.8 times the recommended single dose) with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, diltiazem, increased the aprepitant AUC 2-fold with a concomitant 1.7-fold increase in the diltiazem AUC; clinically meaningful changes in ECG, heart rate, or blood pressure beyond those induced by diltiazem alone did not occur. Cyclosporine is also a CYP3A4 substrate. Aprepitant, when administered as a 3-day oral regimen (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg), is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and inducer and may additionally increase plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. For example, a 5-day oral aprepitant regimen increased the AUC of another CYP3A4 substrate, midazolam (single dose), by 2.3-fold on day 1 and by 3.3-fold on day 5. After a 3-day oral aprepitant regimen, the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1, 4, 8, and 15) increased by 25% on day 4, and then decreased by 19% and 4% on days 8 and 15, respectively. As a single 125 mg or 40 mg oral dose, the inhibitory effect of aprepitant on CYP3A4 is weak, with the AUC of midazolam increased by 1.5-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares many of the same drug interactions. However, as a single 150 mg intravenous dose, fosaprepitant only weakly inhibits CYP3A4 for a duration of 2 days; there is no evidence of CYP3A4 induction. Fosaprepitant 150 mg IV as a single dose increased the AUC of midazolam (given on days 1 and 4) by approximately 1.8-fold on day 1; there was no effect on day 4. Less than a 2-fold increase in the midazolam AUC is not considered clinically important.
Aprotinin: (Moderate) The manufacturer recommends using aprotinin cautiously in patients that are receiving drugs that can affect renal function, such as cyclosporine, as the risk of renal impairment may be increased.
Aripiprazole: (Moderate) Monitor for aripiprazole-related adverse reactions during concomitant use of cyclosporine. Patients receiving both a CYP2D6 inhibitor plus cyclosporine may require an aripiprazole dosage adjustment. Dosing recommendations vary based on aripiprazole dosage form, CYP2D6 inhibitor strength, and CYP2D6 metabolizer status. See prescribing information for details. Concomitant use may increase aripiprazole exposure and risk for side effects. Aripiprazole is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Armodafinil: (Moderate) In vitro data indicate that armodafinil is an inducer of CYP3A4/5 isoenzymes. Therefore, armodafinil may induce the metabolism of medications which are substrates for CYP3A4 such as cyclosporine. Increased cyclosporine clearance and decreased cyclosporine concentrations can lead to loss of therapeutic effect. Cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored closely after the addition or discontinuation of armodafinil until a new steady-state level is achieved.
Asciminib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with asciminib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A substrate and asciminib is a weak CYP3A inhibitor.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. If cyclosporine is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a moderate inhibitor like cyclosporine can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If cyclosporine is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone.
Aspirin, ASA; Pravastatin: (Major) FDA-approved labeling recommends limiting the dose of pravastatin to 20 mg/day if coadministered with cyclosporine. However, guidelines recommend limiting the pravastatin dose to 40 mg/day in patients receiving cyclosporine. Concomitant administration increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. During pharmacokinetic trials, a single dose of cyclosporine increased the AUC and Cmax of pravastatin by 282% and 327%, respectively. However, neither myopathy nor significant increases in CPK levels have been observed in 3 reports involving 100 post-transplant (cardiac or renal) patients treated for up to 2 years with pravastatin (10 to 40 mg) and cyclosporine. Some of these patients also received other concomitant immunosuppressive therapies.
Atazanavir: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms.
Atazanavir; Cobicistat: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Atogepant: (Major) Limit the dose of atogepant to 10 or 30 mg PO once daily for episodic migraine or 30 mg PO once daily for chronic migraine if coadministered with cyclosporine. Concurrent use may increase atogepant exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Atogepant is a substrate of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and cyclosporine is an OATP inhibitor. Coadministration with an OATP1B1/3 inhibitor resulted in a 2.85-fold increase in atogepant overall exposure and a 2.23-fold increase in atogepant peak concentration.
Atorvastatin: (Major) FDA-approved labeling recommends avoiding coadministration of atorvastatin and cyclosporine. However, guidelines recommend limiting the atorvastatin dose to 10 mg/day in patients receiving cyclosporine. Concomitant administration increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Atorvastatin is a substrate for OATP1B1 transporter; cyclosporine is an inhibitor of this transporter. Concomitant administration of atorvastatin 10 mg and cyclosporine 5.2 mg/kg/day resulted in a significantly higher atorvastatin AUC (8.7-fold higher) compared to that of atorvastatin alone.
Atorvastatin; Ezetimibe: (Major) Cyclosporine may significantly increase ezetimibe serum concentrations. In addition, ezetimibe can increase cyclosporine serum concentrations. In a study of twelve healthy subjects, daily administration of 20 mg ezetimibe for 8 days and a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine on day 7 resulted in a mean 15% increase in cyclosporine AUC (up to 51%) compared to a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine alone. In a study of eight post-renal transplant patients with mildly impaired or normal renal function (CrCl > 50 mL/min), stable doses of cyclosporine (75 to 150 mg twice daily) increased the mean AUC and Cmax values of total ezetimibe 3.4-fold (range 2.3-fold to 7.9-fold) and 3.9-fold (range 3-fold to 4.4-fold), respectively, compared to a historical healthy control population (n=17). In a different study, a renal transplant patient with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) who was receiving multiple medications, including cyclosporine, demonstrated a 12-fold greater exposure to total ezetimibe compared to healthy subjects. The degree of increase in ezetimibe exposure may be greater in patients with severe renal insufficiency. In patients treated with cyclosporine, the potential effects of the increased exposure to ezetimibe from concomitant use should be carefully weighed against the antilipemic benefits provided by ezetimibe. Patients who take cyclosporine concurrently with ezetimibe should be closely monitored for serum cyclosporine concentrations and for potential adverse effects of ezetimibe and cyclosporine. (Major) FDA-approved labeling recommends avoiding coadministration of atorvastatin and cyclosporine. However, guidelines recommend limiting the atorvastatin dose to 10 mg/day in patients receiving cyclosporine. Concomitant administration increases the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Atorvastatin is a substrate for OATP1B1 transporter; cyclosporine is an inhibitor of this transporter. Concomitant administration of atorvastatin 10 mg and cyclosporine 5.2 mg/kg/day resulted in a significantly higher atorvastatin AUC (8.7-fold higher) compared to that of atorvastatin alone.
Atracurium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of neuromuscular blockers and cyclosporine may prolong neuromuscular blockade.
Avacopan: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with avacopan is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A substrate and avacopan is a weak CYP3A inhibitor. For patients receiving both cyclosporine and letermovir, reduce the dose of avacopan to 30 mg once daily. Combination cyclosporine/letermovir acts as a strong CYP3A inhibitor; another strong CYP3A inhibitor increased avacopan overall exposure 2.19-fold.
Avapritinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of avapritinib with cyclosporine due to the risk of increased avapritinib-related adverse reactions. If concurrent use is unavoidable, reduce the starting dose of avapritinib from 300 mg PO once daily to 100 mg PO once daily in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor or from 200 mg PO once daily to 50 mg PO once daily in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis. Avapritinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of avapritinib 300 mg PO once daily with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the AUC of avapritinib by 210% at steady-state.
Azilsartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like azilsartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with azilsartan.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like azilsartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with azilsartan.
Azithromycin: (Moderate) Caution is warranted with the concomitant use of azithromycin and cyclosporine as increased cyclosporine concentrations may occur. Dose adjustment of cyclosporine may be necessary; monitor cyclosporine serum concentrations during use with azithromycin and after discontinuation of azithromycin.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccine, BCG: (Contraindicated) Live virus vaccines should generally not be administered to an immunosuppressed patient. Live virus vaccines may induce the illness they are intended to prevent and are generally contraindicated for use during immunosuppressive treatment. The immune response of the immunocompromised patient to vaccines may be decreased, even despite alternate vaccination schedules or more frequent booster doses. If immunization is necessary, choose an alternative to live vaccination, or, consider a delay or change in the immunization schedule. Practitioners should refer to the most recent CDC guidelines regarding vaccination of patients who are receiving drugs that adversely affect the immune system.
Bacitracin: (Minor) Additive nephrotoxicity may occur with concurrent use of bacitracin and other nephrotoxic agents. When possible, avoid concomitant administration of systemic bacitracin and other nephrotoxic drugs such as cyclosporine. Use of topically administrated preparations containing bacitracin, especially when applied to large surface areas, may have additive nephrotoxic potential with cyclosporine.
Barbiturates: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Baricitinib: (Major) Concomitant use of baricitinib with cyclosporine is not recommended because of the possibility of additive immunosuppression and increased infection risk. There is insufficient experience to assess the safety and efficacy of this combination. Baricitinib may be used as monotherapy or concomitantly with methotrexate or other nonbiologic DMARDs.
Basiliximab: (Minor) Because basiliximab is an immunosuppressant, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives.
Belumosudil: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with belumosudil is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A substrate and belumosudil is a weak CYP3A inhibitor.
Belzutifan: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with belzutifan is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A and has a narrow therapeutic index; belzutifan is a weak CYP3A inducer.
Bempedoic Acid; Ezetimibe: (Major) Cyclosporine may significantly increase ezetimibe serum concentrations. In addition, ezetimibe can increase cyclosporine serum concentrations. In a study of twelve healthy subjects, daily administration of 20 mg ezetimibe for 8 days and a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine on day 7 resulted in a mean 15% increase in cyclosporine AUC (up to 51%) compared to a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine alone. In a study of eight post-renal transplant patients with mildly impaired or normal renal function (CrCl > 50 mL/min), stable doses of cyclosporine (75 to 150 mg twice daily) increased the mean AUC and Cmax values of total ezetimibe 3.4-fold (range 2.3-fold to 7.9-fold) and 3.9-fold (range 3-fold to 4.4-fold), respectively, compared to a historical healthy control population (n=17). In a different study, a renal transplant patient with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) who was receiving multiple medications, including cyclosporine, demonstrated a 12-fold greater exposure to total ezetimibe compared to healthy subjects. The degree of increase in ezetimibe exposure may be greater in patients with severe renal insufficiency. In patients treated with cyclosporine, the potential effects of the increased exposure to ezetimibe from concomitant use should be carefully weighed against the antilipemic benefits provided by ezetimibe. Patients who take cyclosporine concurrently with ezetimibe should be closely monitored for serum cyclosporine concentrations and for potential adverse effects of ezetimibe and cyclosporine.
Benzhydrocodone; Acetaminophen: (Moderate) Concurrent use of benzhydrocodone with cyclosporine may increase the risk of increased opioid-related adverse reactions, such as fatal respiratory depression. Consider a dose reduction of benzhydrocodone until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. Discontinuation of cyclosporine in a patient taking benzhydrocodone may decrease hydrocodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to opioid agonists. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug for hydrocodone. Hydrocodone is a substrate for CYP3A4. Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Berotralstat: (Major) Reduce the berotralstat dose to 110 mg PO once daily in patients taking cyclosporine. Additionally, closely monitor cyclosporine levels and monitor for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions; the dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase berotralstat and cyclosporine exposure and the risk of adverse effects related to both drugs. Berotralstat is a P-gp and BCRP substrate and moderate CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate and P-gp and BCRP inhibitor. Coadministration with cyclosporine increased berotralstat exposure by 69%.
Betrixaban: (Major) Avoid betrixaban use in patients with severe renal impairment receiving cyclosporine. Reduce betrixaban dosage to 80 mg PO once followed by 40 mg PO once daily in all other patients receiving cyclosporine. Bleeding risk may be increased; monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Betrixaban is a substrate of P-gp; cyclosporine inhibits P-gp.
Bicalutamide: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with bicalutamide is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate and bicalutamide is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Bictegravir; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with tenofovir alafenamide. Additionally, monitoring for changes in renal function is advised if tenofovir alafenamide is administered in combination with a nephrotoxic agent, such as cyclosporine. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir alafenamide with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions. Also, tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the organic anion transport protein (OATP1B1 and 1B3); cyclosporine is an inhibitor of all three transporters. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP by cyclosporine may further increase tenofovir plasma concentrations. When tenofovir alafenamide is administered as part of a cobicistat-containing product, its availability is increased by cobicistat and a further increase of tenofovir alafenamide concentrations is not expected upon coadministration of an additional P-gp inhibitor.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Monitor serum concentrations of cyclosporine when coadministered with systemic metronidazole. Concomitant use with metronidazole may increase the serum concentrations of cyclosporine; thereby, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Cyclosporine parenteral and oral solutions contain ethanol; liquid-filled capsules contain ethanol in lower percentages. Administration of ethanol-containing formulations of cyclosporine to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Monitor serum concentrations of cyclosporine when coadministered with systemic metronidazole. Concomitant use with metronidazole may increase the serum concentrations of cyclosporine; thereby, increasing the risk of side effects. Also, medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after metronidazole is discontinued. Cyclosporine parenteral and oral solutions contain ethanol; liquid-filled capsules contain ethanol in lower percentages. Administration of ethanol-containing formulations of cyclosporine to patients receiving or who have recently received metronidazole may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Bleomycin: (Minor) Previous treatment with nephrotoxic agents, like cyclosporine, may result in decreased bleomycin clearance if renal function has been impaired. Monitor for signs/symptoms of bleomycin toxicity in patients with concomittant or prior cyclosporine therapy.
Blinatumomab: (Moderate) No drug interaction studies have been performed with blinatumomab. The drug may cause a transient release of cytokines leading to an inhibition of CYP450 enzymes. The interaction risk with CYP450 substrates is likely the highest during the first 9 days of the first cycle and the first 2 days of the second cycle. Monitor patients receiving concurrent CYP450 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) such as cyclosporine. The dose of the concomitant drug may need to be adjusted.
Bortezomib: (Minor) Monitor patients for the development of peripheral neuropathy when receiving bortezomib in combination with other drugs that can cause peripheral neuropathy like cyclosporine; the risk of peripheral neuropathy may be additive.
Bosentan: (Contraindicated) The concomitant administration of bosentan and cyclosporine A is contraindicated. During the first day of coadministration with cyclosporine, trough concentrations of bosentan are increased by about 30-fold. Steady-state, bosentan plasma concentrations are 3- to 4-fold higher with concurrent cyclosporine administration. In addition, coadministration of bosentan at higher than approved doses (500-1000 mg PO twice daily) decreases the plasma concentrations of cyclosporine A (CYP3A4 substrate) by approximately 50%. In the cyclosporine interaction study, clinical toxicity has been observed, including: severe headache, nausea, vomiting, mild decreases in blood pressure, and small increases in heart rate; no serious adverse effects were reported.
Brigatinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of brigatinib with cyclosporine if possible due to increased plasma exposure of brigatinib; cyclosporine concentrations may also be affected. If concomitant use is unavoidable, reduce the dose of brigatinib by approximately 40% without breaking tablets (i.e., from 180 mg to 120 mg; from 120 mg to 90 mg; from 90 mg to 60 mg). Monitor cyclosporine levels and adjust the dose as clinically appropriate. After discontinuation of cyclosporine, resume the brigatinib dose that was tolerated prior to initiation of cyclosporine. Brigatinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the AUC of brigatinib by approximately 40%. Additionally, cyclosporine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and a weak CYP3A substrate. Brigatinib inhibits P-gp in vitro and is also a weak CYP3A inducer.
Brincidofovir: (Moderate) Postpone the administration of cyclosporine for at least three hours after brincidofovir administration and increase monitoring for brincidofovir-related adverse reactions (i.e., elevated hepatic enzymes and bilirubin, diarrhea, other gastrointestinal adverse events) if concomitant use of brincidofovir and cyclosporine is necessary. Brincidofovir is an OATP1B1 substrate and cyclosporine is an OATP1B1 inhibitor. In a drug interaction study, the mean AUC and Cmax of brincidofovir increased by 374% and 269%, respectively, when administered with a single 600 mg oral cyclosporine dose.
Brodalumab: (Moderate) If brodalumab is initiated or discontinued in a patient taking cyclosporine, monitor cyclosporine concentrations; cyclosporine dose adjustments may be needed. The formation of CYP450 enzymes may be altered by increased concentrations of cytokines during chronic inflammation. Thus, the formation of CYP450 enzymes could be normalized during brodalumab administration. In theory, clinically relevant drug interactions may occur with CYP450 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporine.
Bromocriptine: (Major) When bromocriptine is used for diabetes, do not exceed a dose of 1.6 mg once daily during concomitant use of cyclosporine. Use this combination with caution in patients receiving bromocriptine for other indications. Concurrent use may increase bromocriptine concentrations. Bromocriptine is extensively metabolized in the liver via CYP3A4; cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. Administration of bromocriptine with a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4 increased the bromocriptine mean AUC and Cmax by 3.7-fold and 4.6-fold, respectively.
Budesonide: (Moderate) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and cyclosporine if possible due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure of budesonide may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Budesonide; Formoterol: (Moderate) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and cyclosporine if possible due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure of budesonide may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Budesonide; Glycopyrrolate; Formoterol: (Moderate) Avoid coadministration of oral budesonide and cyclosporine if possible due to the potential for increased budesonide exposure. Use caution with inhaled forms of budesonide as systemic exposure of budesonide may also increase. Budesonide is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. In the presence of another CYP3A4 inhibitor, the systemic exposure to oral budesonide was increased by 8-fold.
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of systemic lidocaine and cyclosporine may increase lidocaine plasma concentrations by decreasing lidocaine clearance and therefore prolonging the elimination half-life. Monitor for lidocaine toxicity if used together. Lidocaine is a CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrate; cyclosporine inhibits CYP3A4.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Monitor serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations closely when systemic cyclosporine is given with meloxicam. Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs, particularly in a dehydrated patient. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may also cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Butabarbital: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Butalbital; Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Butalbital; Aspirin; Caffeine; Codeine: (Major) Phenobarbital may induce cyclosporine metabolism, thereby increasing the clearance of cyclosporine. It is likely that other barbiturates would interact similarly with cyclosporine; however no supportive data are available. If phenobarbital is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen, monitor cyclosporine concentrations closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state concentration is achieved. Conversely, if phenobarbital is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase. (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Cabozantinib: (Minor) Monitor for an increase in cabozantinib- and cyclosporine-related adverse events if concomitant use of is necessary; consider closer monitoring of cyclosporine serum concentrations. Cabozantinib is a Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2) substrate and cyclosporine is an MRP2 inhibitor. MRP2 inhibitors have the potential to increase plasma concentrations of cabozantinib; however, the clinical relevance of this interaction is unknown. Cabozantinib is also a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor and has the potential to increase plasma concentrations of P-gp substrates such as cyclosporine; however, the clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Canakinumab: (Moderate) Monitor cyclosporine levels and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with canakinumab is necessary. Inhibition of IL-1 signaling by canakinumab may restore CYP450 activities to higher levels leading to increased metabolism of drugs that are CYP450 substrates as compared to metabolism prior to treatment. Therefore, CYP450 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index, such as cyclosporine, may have fluctuations in drug levels and therapeutic effect when canakinumab therapy is started or discontinued. This effect on CYP450 enzyme activity may persist for several weeks after stopping canakinumab. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate and a narrow therapeutic index drug.
Candesartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like candesartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with candesartan.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like candesartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with candesartan.
Cannabidiol: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with cannabidiol is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and cannabidiol is a P-gp inhibitor.
Capmatinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with capmatinib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and capmatinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Capreomycin: (Major) Since capreomycin is eliminated by the kidney, coadministration with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs, including cyclosporine, may increase serum concentrations of either drug. Theoretically, the chronic coadministration of these drugs may increase the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, even in patients who have normal renal function. Monitor patients for changes in renal function if these drugs are coadministered.
Carbamazepine: (Moderate) Carbamazepine can increase the clearance of cyclosporine by inducing cyclosporine metabolism.
Cardiac glycosides: (Major) Severe digitalis toxicity has been seen within days of starting cyclosporine in patients previously taking digoxin. Monitor serum digoxin concentrations if digoxin is used concomitantly with cyclosporine; a digoxin dosage reduction may be needed. Reduced clearance of digoxin has been observed when it is given concurrently with cyclosporine. Reduced clearance may be due to cyclosporine inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Inhibition of the P-gp-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin is the postulated mechanism for decreased renal clearance. A decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of digoxin has been reported after cyclosporine administration.
Carvedilol: (Moderate) Modest increases in mean trough cyclosporine concentrations may occur following initiation of carvedilol treatment. It is recommended that cyclosporine serum concentrations be monitored to individualize dosage.
Caspofungin: (Major) In two clinical studies, cyclosporine increased the systemic exposure (AUC) of caspofungin by approximately 35%. Cyclosporine concentrations are not altered by coadministration with caspofungin. Seven of 20 healthy subjects who received caspofungin (35 mg or 70 mg) in combination with cyclosporine (3 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg) developed transient elevations in alanine transaminase (ALT) up to 3 times the upper limit of normal. Elevations in aspartate transaminase (AST) paralleled ALT elevations but were of lesser magnitude. As determined retrospectively, 14 of 40 patients who received caspofungin and cyclosporine (1 to 290 days, median 17.5 days) had an ALT concentration elevation greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal or greater than 3 times the baseline value during concurrent therapy or the following 14 days. Five of the 14 cases and one case of elevated bilirubin were considered possibly related to concomitant therapy; no clinical evidence of hepatotoxicity or serious hepatic events occurred. The manufacturer recommends against the concomitant use of caspofungin with cyclosporine unless the potential benefit outweighs the risk. Monitor patients who develop abnormal liver enzyme concentrations; a risk versus benefit decision for therapy continuation is recommended.
Ceftriaxone: (Moderate) Cyclosporine serum concentrations may be increased if ceftriaxone is added. Although data are limited, ceftriaxone should be used cautiously in patients currently stabilized on cyclosporine. Vigilant serum cyclosporine serum concentration monitoring is warranted. Two case reports suggest that cyclosporine serum concentrations may rise if ceftriaxone is added. No changes in renal or hepatic function were observed in the 2 renal transplant patients. The mechanism of the potential interaction is unknown.
Celecoxib: (Moderate) Serum creatinine,potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Celecoxib; Tramadol: (Moderate) Serum creatinine,potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Cenobamate: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with cenobamate is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and has a narrow therapeutic index; cenobamate is a moderate CYP3A4 inducer.
Ceritinib: (Moderate) Monitor serum cyclosporine concentrations when administered concurrently with ceritinib due to potential for elevated cyclosporine concentrations and cyclosporine-related adverse events; cyclosporine dosage adjustment may be necessary. Ceritinib is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Certolizumab pegol: (Moderate) The safety and efficacy of certolizumab in patients with immunosuppression have not been evaluated. Patients receiving immunosuppressives along with certolizumab may be at a greater risk of developing an infection. Many of the serious infections occurred in patients on immunosuppressive therapy who received certolizumab.
Chloramphenicol: (Moderate) Increased cyclosporine trough concentrations have been reported in patients receiving chloramphenicol increasing the risk for cyclosporine toxicity. Close monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations appears to be warranted; cyclosporine dosage adjustments may be necessary during concurrent therapy.
Chloroquine: (Major) Closely monitor the serum cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate after starting or stopping chloroquine therapy. Sudden increases in cyclosporine concentrations have been reported after the addition of chloroquine. Monitor patients for cyclosporine-related adverse events such as nephrotoxicity or hepatic toxicity. Discontinue chloroquine if necessary.
Chlorpheniramine; Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Chlorpheniramine; Dihydrocodeine; Phenylephrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of dihydrocodeine with cyclosporine may increase dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased dihydromorphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of dihydrocodeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease dihydrocodeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to dihydrocodeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of dihydrocodeine.
Chlorpheniramine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Chlorpheniramine; Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Minor) Clonidine can inhibit cyclosporine-induced glomerular vasoconstriction and has been shown to offset cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Clonidine may adversely affect cyclosporine pharmacokinetics; limited data suggest that cyclosporine concentrations increase - dramatically, in some cases - when clonidine is added. Until more data are available, clinicians should use clonidine cautiously in patients stabilized on cyclosporine.
Cholera Vaccine: (Moderate) Patients receiving immunosuppressant medications may have a diminished response to the live cholera vaccine. When feasible, administer indicated vaccines prior to initiating immunosuppressant medications. Counsel patients receiving immunosuppressant medications about the possibility of a diminished vaccine response and to continue to follow precautions to avoid exposure to cholera bacteria after receiving the vaccine.
Cholic Acid: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of cholic acid and inhibitors of the bile salt efflux pump (BSEP) such as cyclosporine because there is a risk of increased accumulation of conjugated bile salts in the liver resulting in clinical symptoms. If concomitant use is unavoidable, then monitor serum transaminases and bilirubin closely.
Cidofovir: (Contraindicated) The administration of cidofovir with other potentially nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine is contraindicated. Cyclosporine should be discontinued at least 7 days prior to beginning cidofovir. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully during cyclosporine usage.
Cimetidine: (Moderate) Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if cyclosporine is administered with other nephrotoxic drugs such as cimetidine.
Ciprofloxacin: (Moderate) Monitor renal function during concomitant therapy. Cyclosporine serum concentrations should be monitored and suitable dosage adjustments made. Coadministration of ciprofloxacin and cyclosporine may result in elevated plasma cyclosporine concentrations. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4; ciprofloxacin is an inhibitor of CYP3A4. Additionally, some quinolones, including ciprofloxacin, have been associated with transient elevations in serum creatinine in patients receiving concomitant cyclosporine and ciprofloxacin therapy and may potentiate renal dysfunction. Cases of nephrotoxicity with and without increases in cyclosporine concentrations during concurrent cyclosporine and ciprofloxacin treatment have been reported.
Cisapride: (Contraindicated) Cisapride is metabolized by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system, specifically the CYP3A4 isoenzyme. QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including torsade de pointes and death, have occurred when inhibitors of CYP3A4 are coadministered with cisapride. Cyclosporine may have the potential to inhibit the metabolism of cisapride through CYP3A4 and thus, should not be used with cisapride
Cisatracurium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of neuromuscular blockers and cyclosporine may prolong neuromuscular blockade.
Cisplatin: (Moderate) Closely monitor renal function if concomitant use with cisplatin and cyclosporine is necessary. Both drugs can cause nephrotoxicity, which may be exacerbated with the use of additional nephrotoxins.
Cladribine: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. A dosage reduction of the antineoplastic may be indicated when used in combination with other myelosuppressive chemotherapy.
Clarithromycin: (Major) Clarithromycin may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine via inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, thus increasing cyclosporine's effects and the potential for toxicity. Clarithromycin may also reduce the intestinal metabolism of cyclosporine. It has been recommended to avoid cyclosporine in combination with macrolide agents or reduce the cyclosporine dosage by 50% when it is necessary to give any macrolides concurrently. Increased cyclosporine concentrations may be seen with 2 days of beginning combination therapy. In managing potential interactions between macrolides and cyclosporine, appropriate monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is critical to help avoid graft failure or drug-related toxicity.
Clindamycin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of cyclosporine and clindamycin may result in additive nephrotoxicity. Monitor for renal toxicity if concomitant use is required.
Clofarabine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of clofarabine, a substrate of OAT1 and OAT3, and cyclosporine, an inhibitor of OAT protein (OATP), may result in increased clofarabine levels. Therefore, monitor for signs of clofarabine toxicity such as gastrointestinal toxicity (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mucosal inflammation), hematologic toxicity, and skin toxicity (e.g., hand and foot syndrome, rash, pruritus) in patients also receiving OATP inhibitors.
Clofazimine: (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity of cyclosporine if used concomitantly with clofazimine. Concomitant use may increase the concentration of cyclosporine, increasing the risk of adverse effects. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate that has a narrow therapeutic range; in vitro data suggest clofazimine inhibits CYP3A4.
Clonidine: (Minor) Clonidine can inhibit cyclosporine-induced glomerular vasoconstriction and has been shown to offset cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Clonidine may adversely affect cyclosporine pharmacokinetics; limited data suggest that cyclosporine concentrations increase - dramatically, in some cases - when clonidine is added. Until more data are available, clinicians should use clonidine cautiously in patients stabilized on cyclosporine.
Cobicistat: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Cobimetinib: (Major) Avoid the concurrent use of cobimetinib with chronic cyclosporine therapy due to the risk of cobimetinib toxicity. If concurrent short-term (14 days or less) use of cyclosporine is unavoidable, reduce the dose of cobimetinib to 20 mg once daily for patients normally taking 60 mg daily; after discontinuation of cyclosporine, resume cobimetinib at the previous dose. Use an alternative to cyclosporine in patients who are already taking a reduced dose of cobimetinib (40 or 20 mg daily). Cobimetinib is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate as well as a CYP3A substrate in vitro; cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp. In healthy subjects (n = 15), coadministration of a single 10 mg dose of cobimetinib with itraconazole (200 mg once daily for 14 days), a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased the mean cobimetinib AUC by 6.7-fold (90% CI, 5.6 to 8) and the mean Cmax by 3.2-fold (90% CI, 2.7 to 3.7).
Codeine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Codeine; Guaifenesin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Codeine; Guaifenesin; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Codeine; Phenylephrine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Codeine; Promethazine: (Moderate) Concomitant use of codeine with cyclosporine may increase codeine plasma concentrations, resulting in greater metabolism by CYP2D6, increased morphine concentrations, and prolonged opioid adverse reactions, including hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. It is recommended to avoid this combination when codeine is being used for cough. If coadministration is necessary, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider a dosage reduction of codeine until stable drug effects are achieved. Discontinuation of cyclosporine could decrease codeine plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy, and potentially lead to a withdrawal syndrome in those with physical dependence to codeine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, monitor the patient carefully and consider increasing the opioid dosage if appropriate. Codeine is primarily metabolized by CYP2D6 to morphine, and by CYP3A4 to norcodeine; norcodeine does not have analgesic properties. Cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.
Colchicine: (Major) Due to the risk for serious colchicine toxicity including multi-organ failure and death, avoid coadministration of colchicine and cyclosporine in patients with normal renal and hepatic function unless the use of both agents is imperative. Coadministration is contraindicated in patients with renal or hepatic impairment because colchicine accumulation may be greater in these populations. Cyclosporine can inhibit colchicine's metabolism via P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4, resulting in increased colchicine exposure. If coadministration in patients with normal renal and hepatic function cannot be avoided, adjust the dose of colchicine by either reducing the daily dose or the dosage frequency, and carefully monitor for colchicine toxicity. Specific dosage adjustment recommendations are available for the Colcrys product for patients who have taken cyclosporine in the past 14 days or require concurrent use: for prophylaxis of gout flares, if the original dose is 0.6 mg twice daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once daily or if the original dose is 0.6 mg once daily, decrease to 0.3 mg once every other day; for treatment of gout flares, give 0.6 mg as a single dose, then 0.3 mg 1 hour later, and do not repeat for at least 3 days; for familial Mediterranean fever, do not exceed a 0.6 mg/day.
Colesevelam: (Moderate) Colesevelam decreases the Cmax and AUC of cyclosporine by 44% and 34%, respectively. The manufacturer recommends administration of cyclosporine at least 4 hours before colesevelam. Additionally, cyclosporine serum concentrations should be monitored.
Colistimethate, Colistin, Polymyxin E: (Major) Theoretically, chronic coadministration may increase the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, even in patients who have normal renal function. Monitor patients for changes in renal function during concurrent use. Since colistimethate sodium is eliminated by the kidney, coadministration with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs, including cyclosporine, may increase serum concentrations of either drug.
Colistin: (Major) Theoretically, chronic coadministration may increase the risk of developing nephrotoxicity, even in patients who have normal renal function. Monitor patients for changes in renal function during concurrent use. Since colistimethate sodium is eliminated by the kidney, coadministration with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs, including cyclosporine, may increase serum concentrations of either drug.
Conivaptan: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with conivaptan is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A and P-gp substrate and conivaptan is a moderate CYP3A and P-gp inhibitor.
Crizotinib: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with crizotinib; additionally, monitor for an increase in crizotinib-related adverse reactions. Use of these medications together may result in elevated serum concentrations of both drugs, causing an increased risk for treatment-related adverse events. Crizotinib Is a CYP3A substrate and moderate inhibitor. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index and is also a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Cyclophosphamide: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations if coadministration with cyclophosphamide is necessary. Lower serum concentrations of cyclosporine have been observed in patients receiving a combination of cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine than in patients receiving only cyclosporine. This interaction may result in an increased incidence of graft-versus-host disease.
Dabigatran: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of dabigatran and cyclosporine. Increased serum concentrations of dabigatran and an increased risk of bleeding are possible when dabigatran, a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, is coadministered with cyclosporine, a P-gp inhibitor. P-gp inhibition is a major independent factor that results in increased exposure to dabigatran.
Daclizumab: (Minor) Because daclizumab is an immunosuppressant, additive effects may be seen with other immunosuppressives. While therapy is designed to take advantage of this effect, patients may be predisposed to over-immunosuppression.
Dalfopristin; Quinupristin: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with dalfopristin; quinupristin. Use of these medications together resulted in a 63% increase in exposure of cyclosporine, which may increase the risk for cyclosporine-related toxicity. Dalfopristin; quinupristin is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate.
Danazol: (Major) Close monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is required when danazol is given concurrently with cyclosporine. Danazol has been reported to increase concentrations of cyclosporine. Danazol is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 while cyclosporine is a substrate of CYP3A4. In a patient stabilized on cyclosporine, the addition of danazol 200 mg every 8 hours yielded a 38% increase in the cyclosporine blood concentration and necessitated a cyclosporine dosage reduction from 250 mg twice daily to 200 mg twice daily.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Daridorexant: (Major) Limit the daridorexant dose to 25 mg if coadministered with cyclosporine. Concomitant use may increase daridorexant exposure and the risk for daridorexant-related adverse effects. Daridorexant is a CYP3A substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use of another moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased daridorexant overall exposure 2.4-fold.
Darunavir: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms.
Darunavir; Cobicistat: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Darunavir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with tenofovir alafenamide. Additionally, monitoring for changes in renal function is advised if tenofovir alafenamide is administered in combination with a nephrotoxic agent, such as cyclosporine. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir alafenamide with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions. Also, tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the organic anion transport protein (OATP1B1 and 1B3); cyclosporine is an inhibitor of all three transporters. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP by cyclosporine may further increase tenofovir plasma concentrations. When tenofovir alafenamide is administered as part of a cobicistat-containing product, its availability is increased by cobicistat and a further increase of tenofovir alafenamide concentrations is not expected upon coadministration of an additional P-gp inhibitor.
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms. (Major) Reduce cyclosporine dose to one-fifth (1/5th) of the patients current cyclosporine dose when initiating treatment with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as coadministration results in elevated cyclosporine blood concentrations. With subsequent doses, monitor cyclosporine blood concentrations to determine further dose adjustments. After completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen, the dose should be re-adjusted based on measured blood concentrations. Monitor for renal function and cyclosporine associated adverse reactions. (Major) Reduce cyclosporine dose to one-fifth (1/5th) of the patients current cyclosporine dose when initiating treatment with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir or ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as coadministration results in elevated cyclosporine blood concentrations. With subsequent doses, monitor cyclosporine blood concentrations to determine further dose adjustments. After completion of thehepatitis C treatment regimen, the dose should be re-adjusted based on measured blood concentrations. Monitor for renal function and cyclosporine associated adverse reactions (Major) Reduce cyclosporine dose to one-fifth (1/5th) of the patients current cyclosporine dose when initiating treatment with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir, as coadministration results in elevated cyclosporine blood concentrations. With subsequent doses, monitor cyclosporine blood concentrations to determine further dose adjustments. After completion of the 4-drug hepatitis C treatment regimen, the dose should be re-adjusted based on measured blood concentrations. Monitor for renal function and cyclosporine associated adverse reactions.
Daunorubicin Liposomal: (Major) Concurrent use of daunorubicin with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. In addition, high doses of cyclosporine (starting at 16 mg/kg/day IV) may increase exposure to anthracyclines (e.g. daunorubicin) in cancer patients. Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation and may also enhance the efficacy of daunorubicin by inhibiting this protein. Valspodar is a cyclosporine analog with less renal and immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine while retaining effects on MDR. The addition of cyclosporine or valspodar to daunorubicin therapy may result in increases in AUC for both daunorubicin and daunorubincinol possibly due to a decrease in clearance of parent drug, a decrease in metabolism of daunorubincinol, or an increase in intracellular daunorubicin concentrations.
Daunorubicin Liposomal; Cytarabine Liposomal: (Major) Concurrent use of daunorubicin with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. In addition, high doses of cyclosporine (starting at 16 mg/kg/day IV) may increase exposure to anthracyclines (e.g. daunorubicin) in cancer patients. Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation and may also enhance the efficacy of daunorubicin by inhibiting this protein. Valspodar is a cyclosporine analog with less renal and immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine while retaining effects on MDR. The addition of cyclosporine or valspodar to daunorubicin therapy may result in increases in AUC for both daunorubicin and daunorubincinol possibly due to a decrease in clearance of parent drug, a decrease in metabolism of daunorubincinol, or an increase in intracellular daunorubicin concentrations.
Daunorubicin: (Major) Concurrent use of daunorubicin with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. In addition, high doses of cyclosporine (starting at 16 mg/kg/day IV) may increase exposure to anthracyclines (e.g. daunorubicin) in cancer patients. Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation and may also enhance the efficacy of daunorubicin by inhibiting this protein. Valspodar is a cyclosporine analog with less renal and immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine while retaining effects on MDR. The addition of cyclosporine or valspodar to daunorubicin therapy may result in increases in AUC for both daunorubicin and daunorubincinol possibly due to a decrease in clearance of parent drug, a decrease in metabolism of daunorubincinol, or an increase in intracellular daunorubicin concentrations.
Deferasirox: (Moderate) The concomitant administratin of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate, and deferasirox resulted in a decrease in the peak serum concentration of midazolam by 23% and midazolam exposure by 17% in healthy volunteers. This effect may be even more pronounced in patients. Although not specifically studied, reduced serum concentrations may also occur in patients taking other CYP3A4 substrates such as cyclosporine. If these drugs are used together, monitor patients for a decrease in the effects of cyclosporine.
Deferoxamine: (Moderate) Although not specifically studied, reduced serum concentrations of deferoxamine may occur in patients taking other CYP3A4 substrates such as cyclosporine. If these drugs are used together, monitor patients for a decrease in the effects of cyclosporine. In addition, coadministration of deferasirox with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs, including cyclosporine, may increase the risk of acute renal failure. Monitor serum creatinine and/or creatinine clearance in patients who are receiving deferasirox and cyclosporine concomitantly.
Deflazacort: (Major) Decrease deflazacort dose to one third of the recommended dosage when coadministered with cyclosporine. Concurrent use may significantly increase concentrations of 21-desDFZ, the active metabolite of deflazacort, resulting in an increased risk of toxicity. Deflazacort is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. Administration of deflazacort with clarithromycin, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased total exposure to 21-desDFZ by about 3-fold.
Delavirdine: (Moderate) Delavirdine is a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A4 and increased plasma concentrations of drugs extensively metabolized by this enzyme, such as cyclosporine, should be expected with concurrent use of delavirdine.
Dexamethasone: (Moderate) Convulsions have been reported during concurrent use of cyclosporine and other corticosteroids. In addition, mutual inhibition of metabolism occurs with concurrent use of cyclosporine and dexamethasone; therefore, the potential for adverse events associated with either drug may be increased. Coadministration should be approached with caution.
Dichlorphenamide: (Moderate) Use dichlorphenamide and systemic cyclosporine together with caution as both drugs can cause metabolic acidosis. Concurrent use may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis. Measure sodium bicarbonate concentrations at baseline and periodically during dichlorphenamide treatment. If metabolic acidosis occurs or persists, consider reducing the dose or discontinuing dichlorphenamide therapy.
Diclofenac: (Major) Significant interactions may occur between systemic cyclosporine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac. Clinical status and serum creatinine and potassium concentrations should be closely monitored when cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of diclofenac, especially in a dehydrated patient. Although concomitant administration of diclofenac does not affect cyclosporine blood concentrations, a doubling of diclofenac blood concentrations and occasional reports of reversible decreases in renal function have been noted. Consequently, the dose of diclofenac should be in the lower end of the therapeutic range. The mechanism of the interaction may be inhibition of diclofenac metabolism, as diclofenac is a substrate for and cyclosporine an inhibitor of CYP3A4. NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, swelling and other signs and symptoms of an infection; use NSAIDs with caution in patients receiving immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine. Interactions with skin and eye products containing these drugs are not expected. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Diclofenac; Misoprostol: (Major) Significant interactions may occur between systemic cyclosporine and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as diclofenac. Clinical status and serum creatinine and potassium concentrations should be closely monitored when cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of diclofenac, especially in a dehydrated patient. Although concomitant administration of diclofenac does not affect cyclosporine blood concentrations, a doubling of diclofenac blood concentrations and occasional reports of reversible decreases in renal function have been noted. Consequently, the dose of diclofenac should be in the lower end of the therapeutic range. The mechanism of the interaction may be inhibition of diclofenac metabolism, as diclofenac is a substrate for and cyclosporine an inhibitor of CYP3A4. NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, swelling and other signs and symptoms of an infection; use NSAIDs with caution in patients receiving immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine. Interactions with skin and eye products containing these drugs are not expected. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Diflunisal: (Moderate) Clinical status and serum creatinine and potassium concentrations should be closely monitored when cyclosporine is given with diflunisal, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may also mask fever, pain, swelling and other signs and symptoms of an infection; use NSAIDs with caution in patients receiving immunosuppressants such as cyclosporine.
Digitoxin: (Major) Severe digitalis toxicity has been seen within days of starting cyclosporine in patients previously taking digoxin. Monitor serum digoxin concentrations if digoxin is used concomitantly with cyclosporine; a digoxin dosage reduction may be needed. Reduced clearance of digoxin has been observed when it is given concurrently with cyclosporine. Reduced clearance may be due to cyclosporine inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Inhibition of the P-gp-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin is the postulated mechanism for decreased renal clearance. A decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of digoxin has been reported after cyclosporine administration.
Digoxin: (Major) Severe digitalis toxicity has been seen within days of starting cyclosporine in patients previously taking digoxin. Monitor serum digoxin concentrations if digoxin is used concomitantly with cyclosporine; a digoxin dosage reduction may be needed. Reduced clearance of digoxin has been observed when it is given concurrently with cyclosporine. Reduced clearance may be due to cyclosporine inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Inhibition of the P-gp-mediated renal tubular secretion of digoxin is the postulated mechanism for decreased renal clearance. A decrease in the apparent volume of distribution of digoxin has been reported after cyclosporine administration.
Diltiazem: (Moderate) Diltiazem inhibits CYP3A4 metabolism and thereby increases cyclosporine serum concentrations. Cyclosporine dosage reduction (20 to 50%) may be required when diltiazem therapy is initiated to prevent cyclosporine toxicity.
Diphenhydramine; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Moderate) Serum creatinine ,potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Disulfiram: (Major) Cyclosporine parenteral and oral solutions contain ethanol; liquid-filled capsules contain ethanol in lower percentages. Administration of ethanol-containing formulations of cyclosporine to patients receiving or who have recently received disulfiram may result in disulfiram-like reactions. A disulfiram reaction would not be expected to occur with non-ethanol containing formulations.
Docetaxel: (Major) Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine may enhance the efficacy of the certain chemotherapy agents including docetaxel, paclitaxel, and vinca alkaloids by inhibiting this protein. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation. The addition of cyclosporine may also enhance the efficacy and/or toxicity of these chemotherapy regimens by other mechanisms. The addition of cyclosporine may increase the AUC values of these chemotherapy agents due to a decrease in either chemotherapy metabolism or clearance, or due to an increase in the intracellular concentrations of the chemotherapy agent.
Doravirine; Lamivudine; Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Doxacurium: (Moderate) Concomitant use of neuromuscular blockers and cyclosporine may prolong neuromuscular blockade.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) CYP450 enzyme inhibitors, like cyclosporine, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy. Patients should be monitored for a decrease in efficacy if CYP450 inhibitors are coadministered with doxercalciferol.
Doxorubicin Liposomal: (Major) Concurrent use of doxorubicin with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. In addition, high doses of cyclosporine (starting at 16 mg/kg/day IV) may increase exposure to anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) in cancer patients. Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation and may also enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin by inhibiting this protein. Valspodar is a cyclosporine analog with less renal and immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine while retaining effects on MDR. The addition of cyclosporine or valspodar to doxorubicin therapy may result in increases in AUC for both doxorubicin and doxorubicinol possibly due to a decrease in clearance of parent drug, a decrease in metabolism of doxorubicinol, or an increase in intracellular doxorubicin concentrations. Literature reports suggest that adding cyclosporine to doxorubicin results in more profound and prolonged hematologic toxicity than doxorubicin alone; coma and/or seizures have also been described.
Doxorubicin: (Major) Concurrent use of doxorubicin with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as other immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. In addition, high doses of cyclosporine (starting at 16 mg/kg/day IV) may increase exposure to anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) in cancer patients. Cyclosporine is a substrate and inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump encoded for by the multidrug resistance gene-1 (MDR1). Overexpression of this protein has been described as a mechanism of resistance to naturally-occurring (non-synthetic) chemotherapy agents. Cyclosporine can block MDR1-mediated resistance when given at much higher doses than those used in transplantation and may also enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin by inhibiting this protein. Valspodar is a cyclosporine analog with less renal and immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine while retaining effects on MDR. The addition of cyclosporine or valspodar to doxorubicin therapy may result in increases in AUC for both doxorubicin and doxorubicinol possibly due to a decrease in clearance of parent drug, a decrease in metabolism of doxorubicinol, or an increase in intracellular doxorubicin concentrations. Literature reports suggest that adding cyclosporine to doxorubicin results in more profound and prolonged hematologic toxicity than doxorubicin alone; coma and/or seizures have also been described.
Dronabinol: (Major) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with cyclosporine is necessary, and monitor for an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence) as well as increased cyclosporine levels. Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4. Concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol. Dronabinol is also highly bound to plasma proteins and may displace and increase the free fraction of other concomitantly administered protein-bound drugs such as cyclosporine.
Dronedarone: (Contraindicated) The concomitant use of dronedarone and cyclosporine is contraindicated. Dronedarone is metabolized by CYP3A and is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp. Cyclosporine is a substrate and strong inhibitor of CYP3A4 and is a substrate for P-gp. Repeated doses of ketoconazole, also a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, increased dronedarone exposure 17-fold and increased dronedarone Cmax 9-fold. No data exist regarding the safe administration of dronedarone with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors; therefore, concomitant use is contraindicated. Also, the effects of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine have not been described, although an increase in cyclosporine serum concentrations is possible.
Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents, including dulaglutide. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia. It may have direct beta-cell toxicity; the effects may be dose-related.
Dupilumab: (Moderate) Coadministration of dupilumab may result in altered exposure to cyclosporine. During chronic inflammation, increased levels of certain cytokines can alter the formation of CYP450 enzymes. Thus, the formation of CYP450 enzymes could be normalized during dupilumab administration. Clinically relevant drug interactions may occur with CYP450 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporine. Monitor cyclosporine concentrations if dupilumab is initiated or discontinued in a patient taking cyclosporine; cyclosporine dose adjustments may be needed.
Dutasteride; Tamsulosin: (Moderate) Use caution when administering tamsulosin with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor such as cyclosporine. Tamsulosin is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 hepatic enzymes. In clinical evaluation, concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor resulted in significant increases in tamsulosin exposure; interactions with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors have not been evaluated. If concomitant use in necessary, monitor patient closely for increased side effects.
Duvelisib: (Moderate) Monitor for increased toxicity of duvelisib and cyclosporine during coadministration. Coadministration may increase the exposure of both drugs. Duvelisib is a substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A; cyclosporine is also a substrate and moderate inhibitor of CYP3A.
Echinacea: (Major) Echinacea possesses immunostimulatory activity and may theoretically reduce the response to immunosuppressant drugs like cyclosporine. Although documentation is lacking, use of echinacea with immunosuppressants is not recommended by some resources. Furthermore, cyclosporine is metabolized by CYP3A4 and there are some data suggesting Echinacea affects CYP3A4 and this may lead to altered cyclosporine concentrations. In vitro data suggest that echinacea can inhibit the CYP3A4 isoenzyme; the clinical significance is not yet known. Other limited in vivo data indicate that echinacea inhibits intestinal CYP3A4, but induces hepatic CYP3A4. While the overall effect on CYP3A4 substrates is not known, it may be prudent to monitor cyclosporine concentrations during combined use.
Edoxaban: (Moderate) Coadministration of edoxaban and cyclosporine may result in increased concentrations of edoxaban. Edoxaban is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and cyclosporine is a P-gp inhibitor. Increased concentrations of edoxaban may occur during concomitant use of cyclosporine; monitor for increased adverse effects of edoxaban. Dosage reduction may be considered for patients being treated for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism.
Efavirenz: (Moderate) Efavirenz induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and may decrease serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Caution is recommended when administering efavirenz with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic range, such as cyclosporine. Monitoring of serum cyclosporine concentrations for at least 2 weeks is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with efavirenz.
Efavirenz; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Efavirenz induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and may decrease serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Caution is recommended when administering efavirenz with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic range, such as cyclosporine. Monitoring of serum cyclosporine concentrations for at least 2 weeks is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with efavirenz.
Efavirenz; Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Efavirenz induces cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and may decrease serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Caution is recommended when administering efavirenz with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic range, such as cyclosporine. Monitoring of serum cyclosporine concentrations for at least 2 weeks is recommended when starting or stopping treatment with efavirenz.
Elacestrant: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of elacestrant and cyclosporine due to the risk of increased elacestrant exposure which may increase the risk for adverse effects. The exposure of cyclosporine may also be increased. Elacestrant is a CYP3A substrate and P-gp inhibitor; cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Concomitant use with another moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased elacestrant overall exposure by 2.3-fold.
Elagolix: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of elagolix and strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors such as cyclosporine is contraindicated. Use of elagolix with drugs that inhibit OATP1B1 may increase elagolix plasma concentrations. Elagolix is a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1. Cyclosporine inhibits both OATP1B1 and P-gp. Another OATP1B1 potent inhibitor increased elagolix AUC in the range of 2- to 5.58-fold. Increased elagolix concentrations increase the risk for dose-related side effects, including loss of bone mineral density.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of elagolix and strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors such as cyclosporine is contraindicated. Use of elagolix with drugs that inhibit OATP1B1 may increase elagolix plasma concentrations. Elagolix is a substrate of CYP3A, P-gp, and OATP1B1. Cyclosporine inhibits both OATP1B1 and P-gp. Another OATP1B1 potent inhibitor increased elagolix AUC in the range of 2- to 5.58-fold. Increased elagolix concentrations increase the risk for dose-related side effects, including loss of bone mineral density.
Elbasvir; Grazoprevir: (Contraindicated) Concurrent administration of elbasvir; grazoprevir with cyclosporine is contraindicated. Use of these drugs together is expected to significantly increase the plasma concentrations of elbasvir and grazoprevir, and may result in adverse effects (i.e., elevated ALT concentrations). Cyclosporine is an inhibitor of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A and the organic anion transporting protein (OATP1B1). Elbasvir and grazoprevir are metabolized by CYP3A, and grazoprevir is also a substrate of OATP1B1/3.
Eletriptan: (Moderate) Monitor for increased eletriptan-related adverse effects if coadministered with cyclosporine. Systemic concentrations of eletriptan may be increased. Eletriptan is a substrate for CYP3A4, and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of other moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors increased the eletriptan AUC by 2 to 4-fold.
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Major) Adjust the tezacaftor; ivacaftor dosing schedule when coadministered with cyclosporine; coadministration may increase tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. When combined, dose 1 tezacaftor; ivacaftor combination tablet every other day in the morning and 1 ivacaftor tablet every other day in the morning on alternate days (i.e., tezacaftor/ivacaftor tablet on Day 1 and ivacaftor tablet on Day 2). The evening dose of ivacaftor should not be taken. In addition, coadministration may increase the systemic exposure of cyclosporine. Appropriate monitoring should be used; adjust the cyclosporine dosage as necessary. Both tezacaftor and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates (ivacaftor is a sensitive substrate), ivacaftor is a weak P-gp inhibitor, and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor and P-gp substrate. (Major) If cyclosporine and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the frequency to once daily. Coadministration is not recommended in patients younger than 6 months. More careful monitoring of cyclosporine blood concentrations may be warranted. Coadministration may increase exposure to both drugs leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 3-fold. In addition, ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp; cyclosporine is a CYP3A and P-gp substrate. (Major) Reduce the dosing frequency of elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor to every other day in the morning when coadministered with cyclosporine; omit the ivacaftor evening dose and administer in the morning every other day alternating with elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor (i.e., recommended dose of elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor on day 1 in the morning and recommended dose of ivacaftor on day 2 in the morning). Coadministration may increase elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor exposure and adverse reactions. Elexacaftor, tezacaftor, and ivacaftor are CYP3A substrates; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 2.9-fold. Simulation suggests a moderate inhibitor may increase elexacaftor and tezacaftor exposure by 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold, respectively.
Eliglustat: (Major) In intermediate or poor CYP2D6 metabolizers (IMs or PMs), coadministration of cyclosporine and eliglustat is not recommended. In extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (EMs), coadministration of cyclosporine and eliglustat requires dosage reduction of eliglustat to 84 mg PO once daily. Monitor therapeutic cyclosporine concentrations closely and adjust the dosage as necessary. The coadministration of eliglustat with both cyclosporine and a moderate or strong CYP2D6 inhibitor is contraindicated in all patients. Cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate; eliglustat is a CYP3A and CYP2D6 substrate and a P-gp inhibitor. Coadministration of eliglustat with CYP3A inhibitors, such as cyclosporine, may increase eliglustat exposure and the risk of serious adverse events (e.g., QT prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias); this risk is the highest in CYP2D6 IMs and PMs because a larger portion of the eliglustat dose is metabolized via CYP3A. In addition, coadministration of eliglustat with P-gp substrates (e.g., cyclosporine) may result in increased concentrations of the concomitant drug. Although specific recommendations are not available, when eliglustat is given in combination with digoxin, another narrow therapeutic index P-gp substrate, an empiric digoxin dosage reduction of 30% followed by careful monitoring is recommended.
Eluxadoline: (Major) When administered concurrently with cyclosporine, the dose of eluxadoline must be reduced to 75 mg PO twice daily, and the patient should be closely monitored for adverse effects (i.e., decreased mental and physical acuity). Eluxadoline is a substrate of the organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP1B1); cyclosporine is an OATP inhibitor. Use of these drugs together results in a 4.4-fold increase in exposure (AUC) and a 6.2-fold increase in maximum plasma concentration of eluxadoline. Advise patients against driving or operating machinery until the combine effects of these drugs on the individual patient is known.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with tenofovir alafenamide. Additionally, monitoring for changes in renal function is advised if tenofovir alafenamide is administered in combination with a nephrotoxic agent, such as cyclosporine. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir alafenamide with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions. Also, tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the organic anion transport protein (OATP1B1 and 1B3); cyclosporine is an inhibitor of all three transporters. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP by cyclosporine may further increase tenofovir plasma concentrations. When tenofovir alafenamide is administered as part of a cobicistat-containing product, its availability is increased by cobicistat and a further increase of tenofovir alafenamide concentrations is not expected upon coadministration of an additional P-gp inhibitor.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus. (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with cobicistat. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Predictions regarding this interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of these drugs. Cobicistat is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Emapalumab: (Moderate) Monitor for decreased efficacy of cyclosporine and adjust the dose as needed during coadministration with emapalumab. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. Emapalumab may normalize CYP450 activity, which may decrease the efficacy of drugs that are CYP450 substrates due to increased metabolism.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with tenofovir alafenamide. Additionally, monitoring for changes in renal function is advised if tenofovir alafenamide is administered in combination with a nephrotoxic agent, such as cyclosporine. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir alafenamide with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions. Also, tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the organic anion transport protein (OATP1B1 and 1B3); cyclosporine is an inhibitor of all three transporters. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP by cyclosporine may further increase tenofovir plasma concentrations. When tenofovir alafenamide is administered as part of a cobicistat-containing product, its availability is increased by cobicistat and a further increase of tenofovir alafenamide concentrations is not expected upon coadministration of an additional P-gp inhibitor.
Emtricitabine; Rilpivirine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Emtricitabine; Tenofovir alafenamide: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with tenofovir alafenamide. Additionally, monitoring for changes in renal function is advised if tenofovir alafenamide is administered in combination with a nephrotoxic agent, such as cyclosporine. Tenofovir is primarily excreted via the kidneys by a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Coadministration of tenofovir alafenamide with a drug that reduces renal function or competes for active tubular secretion may increase concentrations of tenofovir and other renally eliminated drugs; thus, increasing the risk of developing renal-related adverse reactions. Also, tenofovir alafenamide is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and the organic anion transport protein (OATP1B1 and 1B3); cyclosporine is an inhibitor of all three transporters. Inhibition of P-gp, BCRP, and OATP by cyclosporine may further increase tenofovir plasma concentrations. When tenofovir alafenamide is administered as part of a cobicistat-containing product, its availability is increased by cobicistat and a further increase of tenofovir alafenamide concentrations is not expected upon coadministration of an additional P-gp inhibitor.
Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Enasidenib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with enasidenib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and enasidenib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Encorafenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of encorafenib and cyclosporine due to increased encorafenib exposure. If concurrent use cannot be avoided, reduce the encorafenib dose to one-half of the dose used prior to the addition of cyclosporine. If cyclosporine is discontinued, the original encorafenib dose may be resumed after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of cyclosporine. Encorafenib is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor with a single 50 mg dose of encorafenib (0.1 times the recommended dose) increased the encorafenib AUC and Cmax by 2-fold and 45%, respectively.
Entecavir: (Moderate) In a small pilot study of entecavir in HBV-infected liver transplant recipients on stable doses of cyclosporine, entecavir exposure was approximately 2-fold the exposure in healthy subjects with normal renal function. Altered renal function contributed to the increase in entecavir exposure in these patients. Monitor renal function.
Entrectinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of entrectinib with cyclosporine due to increased entrectinib exposure resulting in increased treatment-related adverse effects. If coadministration cannot be avoided in adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older with BSA greater than 1.5 m2, reduce the entrectinib dose to 200 mg PO once daily. If cyclosporine is discontinued, resume the original entrectinib dose after 3 to 5 elimination half-lives of cyclosporine. Entrectinib is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the AUC of entrectinib by 3-fold.
Enzalutamide: (Major) Closely monitor cyclosporine levels and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with enzalutamide is necessary. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and has a narrow therapeutic index; enzalutamide is a strong CYP3A4 inducer.
Eplerenone: (Major) Do not exceed an eplerenone dose of 25 mg PO once daily if given concurrently with a CYP3A4 inhibitor in a post-myocardial infarction patient with heart failure. In patients with hypertension receiving a concurrent CYP3A4 inhibitor, initiate eplerenone at 25 mg PO once daily; the dose may be increased to a maximum of 25 mg PO twice daily for inadequate blood pressure response. In addition, measure serum creatinine and serum potassium within 3 to 7 days of initiating a CYP3A4 inhibitor and periodically thereafter. Eplerenone is a CYP3A4 substrate. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors increased eplerenone exposure by 100% to 190%. Increased eplerenone concentrations may lead to a risk of developing hyperkalemia and hypotension.
Eprosartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like eprosartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with eprosartan.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like eprosartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with eprosartan.
Erdafitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of cyclosporine with erdafitinib due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. If concomitant use is unavoidable, separate erdafitinib administration by at least 6 hours before or after administration of cyclosporine; monitor cyclosporine levels. Cyclosporine is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate with a narrow therapeutic index and erdafitinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Erythromycin: (Major) Erythromycin may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine via inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, thus increasing cyclosporine's effects and the potential for toxicity. Additionally, erythromycin has been associated with inhibition of P-glycoprotein, which leads to decreased intestinal metabolism and increased oral absorption of cyclosporine. It has been recommend to avoid cyclosporine in combination with macrolide agents or reduce the cyclosporine dosage by 50% when it is necessary to give any macrolide concurrently. Increased cyclosporine concentrations may be seen with 2 days of beginning combination therapy. In managing potential interactions between macrolides and cyclosporine, appropriate monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is critical to help avoid graft failure or drug-related toxicity.
Eslicarbazepine: (Moderate) In vivo studies suggest eslicarbazepine is an inducer of CYP3A4. Coadministration of CYP3A4 substrates, such as cyclosporine, may result in decreased serum concentrations of the substrate. Cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored closely to avoid loss of clinical efficacy until a new steady-state cyclosporine concentration is achieved when eslicarbazepine is added to an existing cyclosporine regimen; conversely, if eslicarbazepine is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase.
Esterified Estrogens; Methyltestosterone: (Moderate) Androgens may increase concentrations of cyclosporine, potentially increasing the risk of nephrotoxicity. Until further data are available, close monitoring of cyclosporine serum concentrations is prudent during coadministration with androgens.
Estrogens: (Moderate) Estrogens in oral contraceptives or non-oral combination contraceptives may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine. Delayed cyclosporine clearance can increase cyclosporine concentrations. Additionally, estrogens are metabolized by CYP3A4; cyclosporine inhibits CYP3A4 and may increase estrogen concentrations and estrogen-related side effects. The patient's cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored closely; monitor clinical status including blood pressure and renal and hepatic function. Be alert for complaints of estrogen-related side effects (e.g., nausea, fluid retention, breast tenderness).
Ethanol: (Major) Advise patients to avoid consuming red wine with cyclosporine. In a healthy volunteer study involving non-modified cyclosporine, consuming red wine while taking cyclosporine decreased cyclosporine peak and overall exposure by 38% and 30% respectively. The effect of other forms of alcohol and the impact to modified cyclosporine dosage forms in unknown.
Ethotoin: (Moderate) Hydantoin anticonvulsants (i.e, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and ethotoin) can induce the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, thus decreasing plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. If a hydantoin anticonvulsant is added to a cyclosporine-containing regimens, cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored and adjusted as needed until a new steady-state is achieved. Conversely, if the anticonvulsant is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase and result in toxicity.
Etodolac: (Moderate) Pharmacodynamic interactions have been reported between cyclosporine and NSAIDs, consisting of additive decreases in renal function with concomitant use. NSAIDs should be used with caution in patients receiving immunosuppressives as they may mask fever, pain, swelling and other signs and symptoms of an infection.
Etonogestrel: (Moderate) Coadministration may result in increased serum concentrations of cyclosporine or etonogestrel. There have been reports indicating the estrogens and/or progestins in oral contraceptives or non-oral combination contraceptives may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine. Delayed cyclosporine clearance and elevated cyclosporine concentrations can lead to seizures, nephrotoxicity, and/or hepatotoxicity. If etonogestrel is initiated or discontinued, the patient's cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored closely. In addition, coadministration of etonogestrel and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors such as cyclosporine may increase the serum concentration of etonogestrel.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) Coadministration may result in increased serum concentrations of cyclosporine or etonogestrel. There have been reports indicating the estrogens and/or progestins in oral contraceptives or non-oral combination contraceptives may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine. Delayed cyclosporine clearance and elevated cyclosporine concentrations can lead to seizures, nephrotoxicity, and/or hepatotoxicity. If etonogestrel is initiated or discontinued, the patient's cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored closely. In addition, coadministration of etonogestrel and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors such as cyclosporine may increase the serum concentration of etonogestrel.
Etoposide, VP-16: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in etoposide-related adverse reactions if concomitant use of cyclosporine results in cyclosporine levels greater than 2,000 ng/mL. Concomitant administration of high-dose cyclosporine (concentrations greater than 2,000 ng/mL) with oral etoposide increased etoposide exposure by 80% with a 38% decrease in total body clearance of etoposide compared to etoposide alone.
Etravirine: (Major) Coadministration with etravirine may result in altered cyclosporine concentrations. Coadminister these drugs with caution, carefully monitor cyclosporine concentrations and make dosage adjustments as needed.
Everolimus: (Major) Coadministration of everolimus with cyclosporine requires an everolimus dose reduction for some indications and close monitoring for others; also, closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and adjust the dose as necessary to remain in the recommended therapeutic range. For patients with oncology indications and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-associated renal angiomyolipoma, reduce the initial dose of everolimus to 2.5 mg PO once daily; the dose may be increased to 5 mg PO once daily if the 2.5 mg dose is tolerated. For patients with TSC-associated subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) and TSC-associated partial-onset seizures, reduce the daily dose of everolimus by 50%, changing to every-other-day dosing if the reduced dose is lower than the lowest available strength; assess the everolimus whole blood trough concentration 2 weeks after initiation of cyclosporine and adjust the dose as necessary to remain in the recommended therapeutic range. Also monitor everolimus whole blood trough concentrations for patients receiving everolimus for either kidney or liver transplant and adjust the dose as necessary to remain in the recommended therapeutic range. Everolimus is a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, as well as a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor, as well as a CYP3A4 substrate. In a single-dose study, coadministration cyclosporine increased the AUC of everolimus by 168% (range, 46% to 365%) and the Cmax by 82% (range, 25% to 158%). Concurrent use may also increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events.
Exenatide: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents, including exenatide. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia. It may have direct beta-cell toxicity; the effects may be dose-related.
Ezetimibe: (Major) Cyclosporine may significantly increase ezetimibe serum concentrations. In addition, ezetimibe can increase cyclosporine serum concentrations. In a study of twelve healthy subjects, daily administration of 20 mg ezetimibe for 8 days and a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine on day 7 resulted in a mean 15% increase in cyclosporine AUC (up to 51%) compared to a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine alone. In a study of eight post-renal transplant patients with mildly impaired or normal renal function (CrCl > 50 mL/min), stable doses of cyclosporine (75 to 150 mg twice daily) increased the mean AUC and Cmax values of total ezetimibe 3.4-fold (range 2.3-fold to 7.9-fold) and 3.9-fold (range 3-fold to 4.4-fold), respectively, compared to a historical healthy control population (n=17). In a different study, a renal transplant patient with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) who was receiving multiple medications, including cyclosporine, demonstrated a 12-fold greater exposure to total ezetimibe compared to healthy subjects. The degree of increase in ezetimibe exposure may be greater in patients with severe renal insufficiency. In patients treated with cyclosporine, the potential effects of the increased exposure to ezetimibe from concomitant use should be carefully weighed against the antilipemic benefits provided by ezetimibe. Patients who take cyclosporine concurrently with ezetimibe should be closely monitored for serum cyclosporine concentrations and for potential adverse effects of ezetimibe and cyclosporine.
Ezetimibe; Simvastatin: (Contraindicated) The use of simvastatin with is contraindicated due to an increased risk for myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Cyclosporine increases the AUC of statins when administered concomitantly, and the risk for myopathy is increased by high levels of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity in plasma. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, it is presumably due to inhibition of CYP3A4 and/or OAT1B1 by cyclosporine; simvastatin is a substrate of CYP3A4 and OAT1B1. (Major) Cyclosporine may significantly increase ezetimibe serum concentrations. In addition, ezetimibe can increase cyclosporine serum concentrations. In a study of twelve healthy subjects, daily administration of 20 mg ezetimibe for 8 days and a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine on day 7 resulted in a mean 15% increase in cyclosporine AUC (up to 51%) compared to a single dose of 100 mg cyclosporine alone. In a study of eight post-renal transplant patients with mildly impaired or normal renal function (CrCl > 50 mL/min), stable doses of cyclosporine (75 to 150 mg twice daily) increased the mean AUC and Cmax values of total ezetimibe 3.4-fold (range 2.3-fold to 7.9-fold) and 3.9-fold (range 3-fold to 4.4-fold), respectively, compared to a historical healthy control population (n=17). In a different study, a renal transplant patient with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance of 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2) who was receiving multiple medications, including cyclosporine, demonstrated a 12-fold greater exposure to total ezetimibe compared to healthy subjects. The degree of increase in ezetimibe exposure may be greater in patients with severe renal insufficiency. In patients treated with cyclosporine, the potential effects of the increased exposure to ezetimibe from concomitant use should be carefully weighed against the antilipemic benefits provided by ezetimibe. Patients who take cyclosporine concurrently with ezetimibe should be closely monitored for serum cyclosporine concentrations and for potential adverse effects of ezetimibe and cyclosporine.
Fedratinib: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with fedratinib. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Fedratinib is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Felodipine: (Major) Cyclosporine may competitively inhibit the first-pass metabolism of felodipine by cytochrome P450 3A4 in the gut wall, resulting in an increased bioavailability of felodipine. The concomitant administration of cyclosporine and felodipine significantly increases the peak felodipine plasma concentration (151%) and AUC (58%). The combination resulted in a greater decrease in mean diastolic blood pressure over 24 hours than either drug alone. Patients should avoid taking felodipine with cyclosporine; separate doses by at least two hours. Patients receiving cyclosporine should be monitored for potential risk of felodipine dose-related adverse effects (e.g., flushing, edema). Felodipine has been shown to have minimal effects on cyclosporine blood concentrations.
Fenofibrate: (Moderate) The use of fibric acid derivatives, such as fenofibrate, may potentiate the risk for renal dysfunction with cyclosporine. During the concomitant use of a drug that may exhibit additive or synergistic renal impairment with cyclosporine, close monitoring of renal function (in particular serum creatinine) and cyclosporine levels should be performed. If a significant impairment of renal function occurs, the dosage of the coadministered drug should be reduced or an alternative treatment considered.
Fenoprofen: (Moderate) Pharmacodynamic interactions consisting of additive decreases in renal function have been reported between cyclosporine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Fentanyl: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of fentanyl with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. If cyclosporine is discontinued, consider increasing the fentanyl dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Fentanyl is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase fentanyl exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of fentanyl. If cyclosporine is discontinued, fentanyl plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to fentanyl.
Fidaxomicin: (Minor) Cyclosporine, a P-glycoprotein (PGP) inhibitor, significantly increased the serum concentrations of fidaxomicin and its microbiologically active metabolite, OP-1118 (both PGP substrates); however, the serum concentrations of both fidaxomicin and OP-1118 were still in the ng/ml range. The manufacturer states a dosage adjustment is not necessary. The mean serum Cmax for fidaxomicin increased from 4.67 ng/ml when fidaxomicin was used alone to 19.4 ng/ml when administered with cyclosporine, while the mean AUC increased from 59.5 ng-h/ml for fidaxomicin alone to 114 ng-h/ml when administered with cyclosporine. The mean serum Cmax for OP-1118 increased from 10.6 ng/ml when fidaxomicin was used alone to 100 ng/ml when administered with cyclosporine, while the mean AUC increased from 106 ng-h/ml for fidaxomicin alone to 438 ng-h/ml when administered with cyclosporine. These concentrations are still well below the fecal concentrations demonstrated with a 10 day course of fidaxomicin.
Finerenone: (Moderate) Monitor serum potassium during initiation or dose adjustment of either finerenone or cyclosporine; a finerenone dosage reduction may be necessary. Concomitant use may increase finerenone exposure and the risk of hyperkalemia. Finerenone is a CYP3A substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased overall exposure to finerenone by 248%.
Flibanserin: (Contraindicated) The concomitant use of flibanserin and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as cyclosporine, is contraindicated. Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase flibanserin concentrations, which can cause severe hypotension and syncope. If initiating flibanserin following use of a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, start flibanserin at least 2 weeks after the last dose of the CYP3A4 inhibitor. If initiating a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor following flibanserin use, start the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor at least 2 days after the last dose of flibanserin.
Fluconazole: (Major) Fluconazole inhibits the CYP3A4 metabolism of cyclosporine, resulting in significant increases in cyclosporine plasma concentrations. If these drugs are used together, monitor serum creatinine and cyclosporine concentrations, and adjust cyclosporine dosage accordingly. Renal transplant patients stabilized on cyclosporine for at least 6 months and on a stable cyclosporine dose for at least 6 weeks received fluconazole 200 mg PO daily for 14 days. Cyclosporine AUC, Cmax, Cmin were increased by 92%, 60%, and 157%, respectively. In addition, the apparent cyclosporine clearance decreased by 45%.
Fludarabine: (Minor) Concurrent use of purine analogs with other agents which cause bone marrow or immune suppression such as immunosuppressives may result in additive effects. A dosage reduction of the antineoplastic may be indicated when used in combination with other myelosuppressive chemotherapy.
Fluoxetine: (Moderate) Fluoxetine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and may decrease the clearance of cyclosporine, with the potential to cause cyclosporine toxicity, including nephrotoxicity or seizures, or require the downward dosage adjustment of cyclosporine.
Fluoxymesterone: (Moderate) Androgens may increase concentrations of cyclosporine, potentially increasing the risk of nephrotoxicity. Until further data are available, close monitoring of cyclosporine serum concentrations is prudent during coadministration with androgens.
Flurbiprofen: (Moderate) Pharmacodynamic interactions have been reported between cyclosporine and NSAIDs, consisting of additive decreases in renal function with concomitant use. NSAIDs should be used with caution in patients receiving immunosuppressives as they may mask fever, pain, swelling and other signs and symptoms of an infection.
Fluvastatin: (Major) Do not exceed 40 mg/day of fluvastatin when coadministered with cyclosporine. The risk of developing myopathy/rhabdomyolysis increases when fluvastatin is used concomitantly with cyclosporine. Monitor patients for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, weakness, or tenderness. The serious risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis should be weighed carefully against the benefits of combined therapy; there is no assurance that periodic monitoring of CK will prevent the occurrence of severe myopathy and renal damage. The fluvastatin AUC was increased by 90% with the concomitant cyclosporine administration.
Fluvoxamine: (Moderate) Fluvoxamine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and may decrease the clearance of cyclosporine, with the potential to cause cyclosporine toxicity or require the downward dosage adjustment of cyclosporine. Until more data are available, cyclosporine concentrations should be monitored very carefully any time fluvoxamine is prescribed.
Food: (Major) The oral bioavailability of non-modified cyclosporine is highly variable and food interactions are possible. Administration with high-fat content meals increases both bioavailability and clearance; however, the AUC does not change significantly. In general, food will decrease the absorption of modified cyclosporine. It is important to take cyclosporine consistently with or without food to ensure uniform cyclosporine concentrations.
Fosamprenavir: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms.
Foscarnet: (Major) The risk of renal toxicity may be increased if foscarnet is used in conjunction with other nephrotoxic agents such as cyclosporine. Monitor renal function and fluid status carefully during cyclosporine usage.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Hydantoin anticonvulsants (i.e, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and ethotoin) can induce the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, thus decreasing plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. If a hydantoin anticonvulsant is added to a cyclosporine-containing regimens, cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored and adjusted as needed until a new steady-state is achieved. Conversely, if the anticonvulsant is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase and result in toxicity.
Fostamatinib: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with fostamatinib. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Fostamatinib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4 as well as the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); cyclosporine is a sensitive substrate of CYP3A4 and a substrate of P-gp.
Furosemide: (Moderate) Coadministration of furosemide and cyclosporine increases the risk of gouty arthritis. This is a result of furosemide-induced hyperuricemia and the impairment of renal urate excretion by cyclosporine.
Futibatinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with futibatinib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and futibatinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Ganciclovir: (Moderate) Use caution and monitor renal function when ganciclovir is coadministered with cyclosporine because of the potential increase in serum creatinine. Acute renal failure may occur in patients concomitantly receiving potential nephrotoxic drugs.
Gemfibrozil: (Moderate) The use of fibric acid derivatives, such as gemfibrozil, may potentiate the risk for renal dysfunction with cyclosporine. During the concomitant use of a drug that may exhibit additive or synergistic renal impairment with cyclosporine, close monitoring of renal function (in particular serum creatinine) and cyclosporine levels should be performed. If a significant impairment of renal function occurs, the dosage of the coadministered drug should be reduced or an alternative treatment considered.
Gentamicin: (Major) Additive nephrotoxicity can occur if cyclosporine is administered with other nephrotoxic drugs such as aminoglycosides.
Gilteritinib: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with gilteritinib is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and gilteritinib is a P-gp inhibitor.
Glecaprevir; Pibrentasvir: (Major) Coadministration of glecaprevir in patients requiring stable cyclosporine doses more than 100 mg per day is not recommended as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of glecaprevir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Glecaprevir is partially metabolized by CYP3A4, and is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp), OATP1B1, and BCRP; cyclosporine is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, P-gp, OATP1B1, and BCRP. Additionally, cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and glecaprevir is a P-gp inhibitor; concentrations of cyclosporine may also be increased. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of cyclosporine with glecaprevir resulted in an approximately 5-fold increase in the AUC of glecaprevir. (Major) Coadministration of pibrentasvir in patients requiring stable cyclosporine doses more than 100 mg per day is not recommended as coadministration may increase serum concentrations of pibrentasvir and increase the risk of adverse effects. Pibrentasvir is a substrate of the drug transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and BCRP; cyclosporine is an inhibitor of P-gp and BCRP. Additionally, cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and pibrentasvir is a P-gp inhibitor; concentrations of cyclosporine may also be increased. In drug interaction studies, coadministration of cyclosporine with pibrentasvir resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in the AUC of pibrentasvir.
Glimepiride; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Therefore, a pharmacodynamic interaction is possible with all antidiabetic agents and cyclosporine. Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia or exacerbate diabetes mellitus; this effect appears to be dose-related and caused by direct beta-cell toxicity. Also, any drug that deteriorates the renal status of the patient is likely to alter metformin concentrations in the body, so renal function should be carefully monitored during the use of cyclosporine and metformin together.
Glycerol Phenylbutyrate: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with glycerol phenylbutyrate is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A and has a narrow therapeutic index; glycerol phenylbutyrate is a weak CYP3A inducer.
Golimumab: (Moderate) If golimumab is initiated or discontinued in a patient taking cyclosporine, monitor the cyclosporine concentration; cyclosporine dose adjustment may be needed. Monitor closely for additive immunosuppression and for infection. Patients receiving immunosuppressives along with golimumab may be at a greater risk of developing an infection. The formation of CYP450 enzymes may be suppressed by increased concentrations of cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha) during chronic inflammation. Thus, it is expected that the formation of CYP450 enzymes could be normalized during golimumab receipt. Clinically relevant drug interactions may occur with CYP450 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporine.
Grapefruit juice: (Major) Grapefruit juice inhibits the enterocyte CYP3A4 isoenzyme and increases cyclosporine serum concentrations. Thus, grapefruit and grapefruit juice consumption by patients receiving cyclosporine should be avoided. Grapefruit juice contains compounds that can inhibit P-450 isozymes and the p-glycoproteins lining the intestinal wall. Administration of either formulation of cyclosporine with grapefruit juice significantly increased cyclosporine concentrations and AUC compared to administration with either orange juice or water. Separating dose of grapefruit juice from cyclosporine may not eliminate the interaction completely, as the inhibitory effect of grapefruit juice can last for several hours. Patients stabilized on cyclosporine should avoid large changes (i.e., either increases or decreases) in their daily intake of grapefruit juice. Do not mix cyclosporine oral solution with grapefruit juice.
Griseofulvin: (Moderate) Griseofulvin has been reported to reduce cyclosporine serum concentrations. Although very few reports of this interaction are known, the sequelae from this combination are significant. Closely monitor cyclosporine levels during concurrent treatment with griseofulvin. An increase in cyclosporine dose may be necessary if griseofulvin is added. The cyclosporine dosage may need to decreased if griseofulvin is discontinued.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Guaifenesin; Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Guanfacine: (Major) Cyclosporine may significantly increase guanfacine plasma concentrations. FDA-approved labeling for extended-release (ER) guanfacine recommends that, if these agents are taken together, the guanfacine dosage should be decreased to half of the recommended dose. Specific recommendations for immediate-release (IR) guanfacine are not available. Monitor patients closely for alpha-adrenergic effects including hypotension, drowsiness, lethargy, and bradycardia. Upon cyclosporine discontinuation, the guanfacine ER dosage should be increased back to the recommended dose. Guanfacine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Homatropine; Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Hyaluronidase, Recombinant; Immune Globulin: (Moderate) Immune Globulin (IG) products have been reported to be associated with renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, osmotic nephrosis, and death. Patients predisposed to acute renal failure include patients receiving known nephrotoxic drugs like cyclosporine. Coadminister IG products at the minimum concentration available and the minimum rate of infusion practicable. Also, closely monitor renal function.
Hydantoins: (Moderate) Hydantoin anticonvulsants (i.e, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, and ethotoin) can induce the hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, thus decreasing plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. If a hydantoin anticonvulsant is added to a cyclosporine-containing regimens, cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored and adjusted as needed until a new steady-state is achieved. Conversely, if the anticonvulsant is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could increase and result in toxicity.
Hydrocodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Hydrocodone; Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone. (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Hydrocodone; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of hydrocodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. It is recommended to avoid this combination when hydrocodone is being used for cough. Hydrocodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with CYP3A4 inhibitors like cyclosporine can increase hydrocodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of hydrocodone. These effects could be more pronounced in patients also receiving a CYP2D6 inhibitor. If cyclosporine is discontinued, hydrocodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to hydrocodone.
Hydroxychloroquine: (Major) Closely monitor serum cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate after starting or stopping hydroxychloroquine therapy. Increased serum concentrations of cyclosporine have been noted when coadministered with hydroxychloroquine. Monitor patients for cyclosporine-related adverse events such as nephrotoxicity or hepatic toxicity.
Ibandronate: (Moderate) Theoretically, coadministration of intravenous ibandronate with other potentially nephrotoxic drugs like cyclosporine may increase the risk of developing nephrotoxicity.
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: (Major) Avoid coadministration of potassium phosphate and cyclosporine as concurrent use may increase the risk of severe and potentially fatal hyperkalemia, particularly in high-risk patients (renal impairment, cardiac disease, adrenal insufficiency). If concomitant use is necessary, closely monitor serum potassium concentrations.
Ibrutinib: (Major) If ibrutinib is coadministered with cyclosporine, reduce the ibrutinib dosage to 280 mg/day PO in patients receiving ibrutinib for B-cell malignancy. Resume ibrutinib at the previous dosage if cyclosporine is discontinued. No initial ibrutinib dosage adjustment is necessary in patients receiving ibrutinib for chronic graft-versus-host disease. Monitor patients for ibrutinib toxicity (e.g., hematologic toxicity, bleeding, infection); modify the ibrutinib dosage as recommended if toxicity occurs. Monitor cyclosporine levels and observe patients for symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity. Ibrutinib is a 3A4 substrate and a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor in vitro; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and a P-gp substrate with a narrow therapeutic index. When ibrutinib was administered with multiple doses of another moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, the AUC value of ibrutinib was increased by 3-fold.
Ibuprofen: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Ibuprofen; Famotidine: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Ibuprofen; Oxycodone: (Moderate) Consider a reduced dose of oxycodone with frequent monitoring for respiratory depression and sedation if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. If cyclosporine is discontinued, consider increasing the oxycodone dose until stable drug effects are achieved and monitor for evidence of opioid withdrawal. Oxycodone is a CYP3A4 substrate, and coadministration with a moderate inhibitor like cyclosporine can increase oxycodone exposure resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects including fatal respiratory depression, particularly when an inhibitor is added to a stable dose of oxycodone. If cyclosporine is discontinued, oxycodone plasma concentrations will decrease resulting in reduced efficacy of the opioid and potential withdrawal syndrome in a patient who has developed physical dependence to oxycodone. (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Ibuprofen; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Serum creatinine, potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Idelalisib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of idelalisib, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, with cyclosporine, a CYP3A substrate, as cyclosporine toxicities may be significantly increased. The AUC of a sensitive CYP3A substrate was increased 5.4-fold when coadministered with idelalisib.
Imatinib: (Major) Imatinib, STI-571 is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4 and may increase concentrations of other drugs metabolized by this enzyme. Concurrent administration of cyclosporine and imatinib may result in increased concentrations of cyclosporine due to decreased metabolism. Monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is warranted.
Immune Globulin IV, IVIG, IGIV: (Moderate) Immune Globulin (IG) products have been reported to be associated with renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, osmotic nephrosis, and death. Patients predisposed to acute renal failure include patients receiving known nephrotoxic drugs like cyclosporine. Coadminister IG products at the minimum concentration available and the minimum rate of infusion practicable. Also, closely monitor renal function.
Indinavir: (Major) An interaction is anticipated to occur with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, as CYP3A4 is inhibited by protease inhibitors and cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with an anti-retroviral protease inhibitor is necessary. In a study of 18 HIV-infected patients who underwent renal or hepatic transplant and received concomitant therapy with protease inhibitors and cyclosporine, there was a 3-fold increase in cyclosporine AUC resulting in an 85% reduction in cyclosporine dose over a 2-year period. In another study, HIV-infected, liver and kidney transplant patients required 4- to 5-fold reductions in cyclosporine dose and approximate 50% increases in dosing interval when cyclosporine was coadministered with protease inhibitors. Consider a reduction in cyclosporine dose to 25 mg every 1 to 2 days when coadministered with a boosted protease inhibitor. Cyclosporine toxicity, consisting of fatigue, headache, and GI distress, has been reported by a patient receiving cyclosporine and saquinavir. After receiving saquinavir for 3 days, the cyclosporine trough concentration increased from 150 to 200 mcg/mL up to 580 mcg/mL. Dosages of both agents were decreased by 50% leading to resolution of symptoms.
Indomethacin: (Moderate) Additive decreases in renal function have been reported between cyclosporine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Infigratinib: (Major) Avoid concomitant use of infigratinib and cyclosporine. Coadministration may increase infigratinib exposure, increasing the risk of adverse effects. Infigratinib is a CYP3A4 substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Infliximab: (Moderate) The formation of CYP450 enzymes may be suppressed by increased concentrations of cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha) during chronic inflammation. Thus, it is expected that the formation of CYP450 enzymes could be normalized during infliximab receipt. Clinically relevant drug interactions may occur with CYP450 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index such as cyclosporine. If infliximab is initiated or discontinued in a patient taking cyclosporine, monitor the cyclosporine concentration; cyclosporine dose adjustment may be needed.
Inotersen: (Moderate) Use caution with concomitant use of inotersen and cyclosporine due to the risk of glomerulonephritis and nephrotoxicity.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents, including liraglutide. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia. It may have direct beta-cell toxicity; the effects may be dose-related.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving antidiabetic agents, including lixisenatide. Cyclosporine has been reported to cause hyperglycemia. It may have direct beta-cell toxicity; the effects may be dose-related.
Insulins: (Moderate) Cyclosporine may cause hyperglycemia. Patients should be monitored for worsening of glycemic control if therapy with cyclosporine is initiated in patients receiving insulin.
Intranasal Influenza Vaccine: (Contraindicated) Live virus vaccines should generally not be administered to an immunosuppressed patient. Live virus vaccines may induce the illness they are intended to prevent and are generally contraindicated for use during immunosuppressive treatment. The immune response of the immunocompromised patient to vaccines may be decreased, even despite alternate vaccination schedules or more frequent booster doses. If immunization is necessary, choose an alternative to live vaccination, or, consider a delay or change in the immunization schedule. Practitioners should refer to the most recent CDC guidelines regarding vaccination of patients who are receiving drugs that adversely affect the immune system.
Irbesartan: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like irbesartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with irbesartan.
Irbesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Moderate) Coadministration of cyclosporine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, like irbesartan, may increase the risk of hyperkalemia and reduced renal function. In response to cyclosporine-induced renal afferent vasoconstriction and glomerular hypoperfusion, angiotensin II is required to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) could reduce renal function acutely. Several cases of acute renal failure have been associated with the addition of enalapril to cyclosporine therapy in renal transplant patients. Also, cyclosporine can cause hyperkalemia, and inhibition of angiotensin II leads to reduced aldosterone concentrations, which can increase the serum potassium concentration. Closely monitor renal function and serum potassium concentrations in patients receiving cyclosporine concurrently with irbesartan.
Isavuconazonium: (Moderate) Use caution and closely monitor cyclosporine serum concentrations when administered concurrently with isavuconazonium. Use of these drugs together results in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations and an increased risk for adverse reactions, such as renal toxicity. Cyclosporine dose adjustments may be necessary and should be guided by serum concentrations during coadministration. Isavuconazole, the active moiety of isavuconazonium, is an inhibitor of hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4 as well as the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp); cyclosporine is a substrate of CYP3A4 and P-gp. Additionally, isavuconazole is a sensitive substrate of CYP3A4 while cyclosporine is an inhibitor of this enzyme; elevated isavuconazole serum concentrations may also occur.
Isoniazid, INH: (Minor) Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as isoniazid, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of cyclosporine, resulting in increased serum concentrations and, thus, potentially causing cyclosporine toxicity (e.g., nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or seizures). Reduced cyclosporine dosage requirements may be needed. Conversely, if isoniazid is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could decrease. Monitor serum cyclosporine concentrations carefully if isoniazid is used concomitantly and upon discontinuation.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with rifamycins is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and has a narrow therapeutic index; rifamycins are CYP3A4 inducers. (Minor) Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as isoniazid, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of cyclosporine, resulting in increased serum concentrations and, thus, potentially causing cyclosporine toxicity (e.g., nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or seizures). Reduced cyclosporine dosage requirements may be needed. Conversely, if isoniazid is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could decrease. Monitor serum cyclosporine concentrations carefully if isoniazid is used concomitantly and upon discontinuation.
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine concentrations and adjust the dose of cyclosporine as appropriate if coadministration with rifamycins is necessary. Concurrent use may decrease cyclosporine exposure resulting in decreased efficacy. Cyclosporine is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 and has a narrow therapeutic index; rifamycins are CYP3A4 inducers. (Minor) Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 substrate. Coadministration with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as isoniazid, may decrease the metabolism and clearance of cyclosporine, resulting in increased serum concentrations and, thus, potentially causing cyclosporine toxicity (e.g., nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or seizures). Reduced cyclosporine dosage requirements may be needed. Conversely, if isoniazid is discontinued, cyclosporine concentrations could decrease. Monitor serum cyclosporine concentrations carefully if isoniazid is used concomitantly and upon discontinuation.
Istradefylline: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with istradefylline 40 mg daily. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate; istradefylline administered as 40 mg daily is a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor and P-gp inhibitor. There was no effect on drug exposure when istradefylline 20 mg daily was coadministered with a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate.
Itraconazole: (Major) Monitor cyclosporine serum concentrations and adjust dose as needed if coadministration of itraconazole is necessary. Cyclosporine concentrations may be significantly increased in the presence of itraconazole. Itraconazole is a strong CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein(P-gp) inhibitor; cyclosporine is a CYP3A4/P-gp substrate.
Ivabradine: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivabradine and cyclosporine as increased concentrations of ivabradine are possible. Ivabradine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4; cyclosporine inhibits CYP3A4. Increased ivabradine concentrations may result in bradycardia exacerbation and conduction disturbances.
Ivacaftor: (Major) If cyclosporine and ivacaftor are taken together, administer ivacaftor at the usual recommended dose but reduce the frequency to once daily. Coadministration is not recommended in patients younger than 6 months. More careful monitoring of cyclosporine blood concentrations may be warranted. Coadministration may increase exposure to both drugs leading to increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events. Ivacaftor is a CYP3A substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with another moderate CYP3A inhibitor increased ivacaftor exposure by 3-fold. In addition, ivacaftor is an inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp; cyclosporine is a CYP3A and P-gp substrate.
Ivosidenib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of ivosidenib with cyclosporine due to increased plasma concentrations of ivosidenib, which increases the risk of QT prolongation. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor ECGs for QTc prolongation and monitor electrolytes; correct any electrolyte abnormalities as clinically appropriate. Ivosidenib is a CYP3A4 substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration with another moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor is predicted to increase the ivosidenib single-dose AUC to 173% of control based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, with no change in Cmax. Multiple doses of the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor are predicted to increase the ivosidenib steady-state AUC to 152% of control and AUC to 190% of control.
Ixabepilone: (Moderate) Monitor for ixabepilone toxicity and reduce the ixabepilone dose as needed if concurrent use of cyclosporine is necessary. Concomitant use may increase ixabepilone exposure and the risk of adverse reactions. Ixabepilone is a CYP3A substrate and cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A inhibitor.
Ketoconazole: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with ketoconazole is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate and ketoconazole is a strong CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitor.
Ketoprofen: (Moderate) Additive decreases in renal function have been reported between cyclosporine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Ketorolac: (Moderate) Additive decreases in renal function have been reported between cyclosporine and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling.
Lamivudine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Major) Tenofovir should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic agent; patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic agents, such as cyclosporine, should be carefully monitored for changes in serum creatinine and phosphorus.
Lanreotide: (Moderate) Monitor cyclosporine levels if coadministration of cyclosporine with lanreotide is necessary; adjust the dose of cyclosporine as necessary to maintain therapeutic drug concentrations. Concomitant administration of lanreotide with cyclosporine may decrease the absorption of cyclosporine.
Lansoprazole; Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin: (Major) Clarithromycin may inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine via inhibition of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, thus increasing cyclosporine's effects and the potential for toxicity. Clarithromycin may also reduce the intestinal metabolism of cyclosporine. It has been recommended to avoid cyclosporine in combination with macrolide agents or reduce the cyclosporine dosage by 50% when it is necessary to give any macrolides concurrently. Increased cyclosporine concentrations may be seen with 2 days of beginning combination therapy. In managing potential interactions between macrolides and cyclosporine, appropriate monitoring of cyclosporine concentrations is critical to help avoid graft failure or drug-related toxicity.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Moderate) Serum creatinine ,potassium concentrations, and cyclosporine concentrations should be closely monitored when systemic cyclosporine is given with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Renal dysfunction associated with cyclosporine may be potentiated by concurrent usage of NSAIDs. The effects of NSAIDs on the production of renal prostaglandins may cause changes in the elimination of cyclosporine. Potentiation of renal dysfunction may especially occur in a dehydrated patient. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of cyclosporine toxicity and infection, as NSAIDs may mask fever, pain, or swelling. Increased tear production was not seen in patients receiving ophthalmic NSAIDs or using punctual plugs concurrently with cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion.
Lapatinib: (Moderate) Cyclosporine therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended when administered concurrently with lapatinib. Use of these medications together may result in elevated cyclosporine serum concentrations, causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Lapatinib is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme responsible for the metabolism of cyclosporine.
Larotrectinib: (Moderate) Monitor for increase in adverse reactions from both drugs if concomitant use of larotrectinib and cyclosporine is necessary. Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and adjust the dose as needed. Concomitant use may increase the exposure of both drugs. Larotrectinib is a CYP3A substrate and weak CYP3A inhibitor; cyclosporine is a CYP3A substrate and moderate CYP3A inhibitor. Coadministration with a moderate CYP3A inhibitor is predicted to increase larotrectinib exposure by 2.7-fold.
Lasmiditan: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lasmiditan is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a P-gp substrate and lasmiditan is a P-gp inhibitor.
Ledipasvir; Sofosbuvir: (Moderate) Caution and close monitoring of adverse reactions is advised with concomitant administration of cyclosporine and ledipasvir. Both ledipasvir and cyclosporine are substrates and inhibitors of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In addition, cyclosporine is a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; ledipasivr is a BCRP substrate. Taking these drugs together may increase plasma concentrations of both drugs. According to the manufacturer, no significant interactions were observed when these medications were administered concurrently during drug interaction studies.
Lefamulin: (Moderate) Monitor for lefamulin-related adverse effects if oral lefamulin is administered with cyclosporine as concurrent use may increase exposure from lefamulin tablets; an interaction is not expected with intravenous lefamulin. Lefamulin is a CYP3A4 and P-gp substrate; cyclosporine is a P-gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.
Lemborexant: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lemborexant and cyclosporine as concurrent use is expected to significantly increase lemborexant exposure and the risk of adverse effects. Lemborexant is a CYP3A4 substrate; cyclosporine is a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor. Coadministration of lemborexant with another moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor increased the lemborexant AUC by up to 4.5-fold.
Lenacapavir: (Moderate) Closely monitor cyclosporine whole blood trough concentrations as appropriate and watch for cyclosporine-related adverse reactions if coadministration with lenacapavir is necessary. The dose of cyclosporine may need to be adjusted. Concurrent use may increase cyclosporine exposure causing an increased risk for cyclosporine-related adverse events. Cyclosporine is a CYP3A and P-gp substrate and lenacapavir is a moderate CYP3A and P-gp inhibitor.
Lesinurad; Allopurinol: (Moderate) Monitoring of cyclosporine levels and possible adjustment of cyclosporine dosage should be considered when these drugs are used together. Reports indicate that cyclosporine levels may be increased during concomitant treatment with allopurinol.
Letermovir: (Major) Decrease the dose of letermovir to 240 mg once daily if coadministered with cyclosporine. Frequently monitor cyclosporine whole blood concentrations during treatment and after discontinuation of letermovir and adjust the dose of cyclosporine accordingly. Coadministration result in increased exposure to both drugs. If cyclosporine is initiated after starting letermovir, decrease the next