DRUG INTERACTIONS
Abacavir; Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sulfonamides and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use. (Moderate) Concomitant use of trimethoprim and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use.
Acarbose: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Acetaminophen; Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Magnesium Salicylate; Phenyltoloxamine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Acetaminophen; Caffeine; Phenyltoloxamine; Salicylamide: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Acetohexamide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Albiglutide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Aliskiren; Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Aliskiren; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Aliskiren; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Alogliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Alogliptin; Pioglitazone: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of pioglitazone may occur when coadministered with other drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Monitor for changes in glycemic control if trimethoprim is coadministered with pioglitazone.
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Amantadine: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of amantadine and trimethoprim. A single case of toxic delirium has been reported after coadministration of trimethoprim and amantadine. Amantadine is an OCT2 substrate and trimethoprim is an OCT2 inhibitor.
Amiloride: (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim.
Amiloride; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim.
Aminosalicylate sodium, Aminosalicylic acid: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Amitriptyline; Chlordiazepoxide: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Amlodipine; Benazepril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amlodipine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amlodipine; Olmesartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amlodipine; Telmisartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amlodipine; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amlodipine; Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Amoxicillin: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with amoxicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing amoxicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Lansoprazole: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with amoxicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing amoxicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Amoxicillin; Clarithromycin; Omeprazole: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with amoxicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing amoxicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Amoxicillin; Clavulanic Acid: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with amoxicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing amoxicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Ampicillin: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with ampicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing ampicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Ampicillin; Sulbactam: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with ampicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing ampicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant: (Minor) Use caution if sulfamethoxazole and aprepitant are used concurrently and monitor for a possible decrease in the efficacy of sulfamethoxazole. After administration, fosaprepitant is rapidly converted to aprepitant and shares the same drug interactions. Sulfamethoxazole is a CYP2C9 substrate and aprepitant is a CYP2C9 inducer. Administration of a CYP2C9 substrate, tolbutamide, on days 1, 4, 8, and 15 with a 3-day regimen of oral aprepitant (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg) decreased the tolbutamide AUC by 23% on day 4, 28% on day 8, and 15% on day 15. The AUC of tolbutamide was decreased by 8% on day 2, 16% on day 4, 15% on day 8, and 10% on day 15 when given prior to oral administration of aprepitant 40 mg on day 1, and on days 2, 4, 8, and 15. The effects of aprepitant on tolbutamide were not considered significant. When a 3-day regimen of aprepitant (125 mg/80 mg/80 mg) given to healthy patients on stabilized chronic warfarin therapy (another CYP2C9 substrate), a 34% decrease in S-warfarin trough concentrations was noted, accompanied by a 14% decrease in the INR at five days after completion of aprepitant.
Articaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Coadministration of articaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue articaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Aspirin, ASA: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Butalbital; Caffeine; Codeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Dihydrocodeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Caffeine; Orphenadrine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Carisoprodol; Codeine: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Citric Acid; Sodium Bicarbonate: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Dipyridamole: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Omeprazole: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Oxycodone: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Aspirin, ASA; Pravastatin: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Atenolol; Chlorthalidone: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Atovaquone: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of atovaquone with an oral combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole lead to a minor decreases in TMP and SMX AUCs by 16% and 10%, respectively, in a small number of HIV-positive subjects. No difference was observed in atovaquone pharmacokinetics. The effect of the interaction of atovaquone with TMP-SMX is minor and unlikely to be of clinical significance. (Moderate) Concomitant administration of atovaquone with an oral combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole lead to a minor decreases in TMP and SMX AUCs in a small number of HIV-positive subjects. This may not be of any clinical significance but should be used with caution.
Atovaquone; Proguanil: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of atovaquone with an oral combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole lead to a minor decreases in TMP and SMX AUCs by 16% and 10%, respectively, in a small number of HIV-positive subjects. No difference was observed in atovaquone pharmacokinetics. The effect of the interaction of atovaquone with TMP-SMX is minor and unlikely to be of clinical significance. (Moderate) Concomitant administration of atovaquone with an oral combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole lead to a minor decreases in TMP and SMX AUCs in a small number of HIV-positive subjects. This may not be of any clinical significance but should be used with caution.
Atropine; Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly. (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Azathioprine: (Moderate) Azathioprine may interact with other drugs that are myelosuppressive. Drugs that may affect the production of leukocytes, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, may lead to exaggerated leukopenia, especially in patients who have received a renal transplant.
Azilsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Azilsartan; Chlorthalidone: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Benazepril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Benazepril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Bendroflumethiazide; Nadolol: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Benzalkonium Chloride; Benzocaine: (Moderate) Rare and sometimes fatal cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported with the use of topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Examples of other drugs that can cause methemoglobinemia include the sulfonamides. Therefore, caution is warranted when combining such medications with topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Patients using OTC benzocaine gels and liquids should be advised to seek immediate medical attention if signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia develop. In addition, clinicians should closely monitor patients for the development of methemoglobinemia when benzocaine sprays are used during a procedure.
Benzocaine: (Moderate) Rare and sometimes fatal cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported with the use of topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Examples of other drugs that can cause methemoglobinemia include the sulfonamides. Therefore, caution is warranted when combining such medications with topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Patients using OTC benzocaine gels and liquids should be advised to seek immediate medical attention if signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia develop. In addition, clinicians should closely monitor patients for the development of methemoglobinemia when benzocaine sprays are used during a procedure.
Benzocaine; Butamben; Tetracaine: (Moderate) Rare and sometimes fatal cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported with the use of topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Examples of other drugs that can cause methemoglobinemia include the sulfonamides. Therefore, caution is warranted when combining such medications with topical or oromucosal benzocaine products. Patients using OTC benzocaine gels and liquids should be advised to seek immediate medical attention if signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia develop. In addition, clinicians should closely monitor patients for the development of methemoglobinemia when benzocaine sprays are used during a procedure.
Benzoic Acid; Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly. (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Bismuth Subcitrate Potassium; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Intravenous sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP contains ethanol. A disulfiram-like reaction has occurred when metronidazole was used with IV sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. This reaction would not be expected to occur with oral sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP.
Bismuth Subsalicylate: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Bismuth Subsalicylate; Metronidazole; Tetracycline: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Intravenous sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP contains ethanol. A disulfiram-like reaction has occurred when metronidazole was used with IV sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. This reaction would not be expected to occur with oral sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Bisoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Boceprevir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering sulfamethoxazole with boceprevir due to an increased potential for sulfamethoxazole-related adverse events. If sulfamethoxazole dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of boceprevir treatment. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole. Sulfamethoxazole is partially metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; boceprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations.
Bosentan: (Moderate) Sulfamethoxazole potently inhibits CYP2C9 and may theoretically lead to elevated plasma concentrations of bosentan when coadministered. Monitor for potential adverse effects of bosentan during coadministration. Excessive bosentan dosage may result in hypotension or elevated hepatic enzymes.
Bromocriptine: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides. Bromocriptine is highly bound to serum proteins. Therefore, it may increase the unbound fraction of other highly protein-bound medications (e.g., sulfonamides), which may alter their effectiveness and risk for side effects.
Bupivacaine Liposomal: (Moderate) Coadministration of bupivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue bupivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Bupivacaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of bupivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue bupivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Bupivacaine; Lidocaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of bupivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue bupivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. (Moderate) Coadministration of lidocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue lidocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Bupivacaine; Meloxicam: (Moderate) Coadministration of bupivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue bupivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. (Moderate) Consider a meloxicam dose reduction and monitor for adverse reactions if coadministration with sulfamethoxazole is necessary. Concurrent use may increase meloxicam exposure. Meloxicam is a CYP2C9 substrate and sulfamethoxazole is a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor.
Canagliflozin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Canagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Candesartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Candesartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Captopril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Captopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Carbamazepine: (Moderate) The risk for developing leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia can be increased if other bone marrow depressants are used with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Megaloblastic anemia can occur when sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP is used in patients who are taking other folate antagonists. These agents include carbamazepine. If these agents are used concomitantly, close observation of blood counts is warranted.
Chloramphenicol: (Major) The risk for developing leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia can be increased if other bone marrow depressants are used with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Megaloblastic anemia can occur when sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP is used in patients who are taking other folate antagonists. These agents include chloramphenicol. If these agents are used concomitantly, close observation of blood counts is warranted.
Chloroprocaine: (Major) Coadministration of chloroprocaine with sulfonamides may antagonize the effect of sulfonamides. Chloroprocaine is metabolized to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA antagonized the effects of sulfonamides. Additionally, coadministration of chloroprocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue chloroprocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Chlorothiazide: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Chlorpropamide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Chlorthalidone: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Chlorthalidone; Clonidine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Cholera Vaccine: (Major) Avoid the live cholera vaccine in patients that have received sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim within 14 days prior to vaccination. Concurrent administration of the live cholera vaccine with antibiotics active against cholera, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, may diminish vaccine efficacy and result in suboptimal immune response. A duration of fewer than 14 days between stopping antibiotics and vaccination might also be acceptable in some clinical settings if travel cannot be avoided before 14 days have elapsed after stopping antibiotics.
Choline Salicylate; Magnesium Salicylate: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Citric Acid; Potassium Citrate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Citric Acid; Potassium Citrate; Sodium Citrate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Clomipramine: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Colchicine; Probenecid: (Minor) Probenecid may inhibit the renal transport of sulfonamides. Plasma concentrations of these agents may be increased.
Cyclosporine: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and cyclosporine. There have been reports of significant, but reversible nephrotoxicity with coadministration in renal transplant patients. In addition, there are case reports of reduced exposure to cyclosporine in patients receiving concomitant sulfonamides. Monitor renal function and cyclosporine concentrations if concomitant use is required.
Dapagliflozin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Dapagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Dapagliflozin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Dapsone: (Major) Agranulocytosis has been reported in the second to third month of weekly concomitant treatment with dapsone and other hemolytic agents such as folic acid antagonists (e.g., trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole). These combinations increase the likelihood of adverse hematologic events. Concurrent administration of dapsone with trimethoprim increases the plasma concentrations of both drugs. The efficacy of dapsone is increased, which may provide a therapeutic advantage in the treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia; however, an increase in the frequency and severity of dapsone toxicity (methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia) also has been noted. (Moderate) Coadministration of dapsone with sulfonamides may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Advise patients to discontinue treatment and seek immediate medical attention with any signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia.
Dasabuvir; Ombitasvir; Paritaprevir; Ritonavir: (Minor) According to the manufacturer, no dosage adjustments are required when trimethoprim is administered with dasabuvir; ombitasvir; paritaprevir; ritonavir; however, use of these drugs together may result in elevated dasabuvir plasma concentrations. Trimethoprim inhibits CYP2C8, an enzyme primarily responsible for the metabolism of dasabuvir. Caution and close monitoring are advised if these drugs are administered together.
Desipramine: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Desogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Dextromethorphan; Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Dicloxacillin: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with dicloxacillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing dicloxacillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Dienogest; Estradiol valerate: (Moderate) Anti-infectives that disrupt the normal GI flora, including sulfonamides, may potentially decrease the effectiveness of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Digoxin: (Moderate) Monitor serum digoxin concentrations before and during concomitant trimethoprim use. Reduce digoxin concentrations by decreasing the digoxin dose by 15% to 30% or modifying the dosing frequency. Increased digoxin concentrations can occur with concomitant trimethoprim therapy, especially in the elderly. Serum digoxin concentrations increased by 22% to 28% with concomitant trimethoprim use.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Diphenhydramine; Naproxen: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Disulfiram: (Major) The ingestion of ethanol by patients receiving disulfiram causes an extremely unpleasant reaction that can last from 30 minutes to several hours. Intravenous sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole contains ethanol and should not be co-administered with disulfiram. This reaction would not be expected to occur with oral sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Dofetilide: (Contraindicated) Concomitant use of dofetilide with trimethoprim is contraindicated due to increased plasma concentrations of dofetilide, which may cause serious ventricular arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation, including torsade de pointes (TdP). Trimethoprim is an inhibitor of the renal cation transport system and decreases the active tubular secretion of dofetilide. The combination of trimethoprim 160 mg and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole co-administered twice daily with dofetilide 500 mcg for 4 days has been shown to increase dofetilide AUC by 93% and Cmax by 103%.
Donepezil; Memantine: (Moderate) Cationic drugs that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion, such as trimethoprim, may decrease memantine elimination by competing for common renal tubular transport systems. Although this interaction is theoretical, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of memantine and/or trimethoprim is recommended.
Doxepin: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Doxercalciferol: (Moderate) Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors, such as sulfamethoxazole, may inhibit the 25-hydroxylation of doxercalciferol, thereby decreasing the formation of the active metabolite and thus, decreasing efficacy.
Dronabinol: (Major) Use caution if coadministration of dronabinol with sulfamethoxazole is necessary, and monitor for an increase in dronabinol-related adverse reactions (e.g., feeling high, dizziness, confusion, somnolence). Dronabinol is a CYP2C9 and 3A4 substrate; sulfamethoxazole is a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9. Concomitant use may result in elevated plasma concentrations of dronabinol.
Drospirenone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estetrol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Drospirenone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available. (Minor) L-methylfolate and trimethoprim should be used together cautiously. Plasma concentrations of L-methylfolate may be reduced when used concomitantly with trimethoprim. Monitor patients for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Dulaglutide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Elagolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Elexacaftor; tezacaftor; ivacaftor: (Minor) Increased monitoring is recommended if ivacaftor is administered concurrently with CYP2C9 substrates, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. In vitro studies showed ivacaftor to be a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. Co-administration may lead to increased exposure to CYP2C9 substrates; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Eltrombopag: (Moderate) Eltrombopag is metabolized by CYP2C8. The significance of administering inhibitors of CYP2C8, such as trimethoprim, on the systemic exposure of eltrombopag has not been established. Monitor patients for signs of eltrombopag toxicity if these drugs are coadministered.
Elvitegravir: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP as there is a potential for decreased sulfamethoxazole concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole is a substrate of CYP2C9, while elvitegravir is a CYP2C9 inducer.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Alafenamide: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP as there is a potential for decreased sulfamethoxazole concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole is a substrate of CYP2C9, while elvitegravir is a CYP2C9 inducer.
Elvitegravir; Cobicistat; Emtricitabine; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: (Moderate) Caution is warranted when elvitegravir is administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP as there is a potential for decreased sulfamethoxazole concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole is a substrate of CYP2C9, while elvitegravir is a CYP2C9 inducer.
Empagliflozin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Empagliflozin; Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Empagliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Enalapril, Enalaprilat: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Enalapril; Felodipine: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Enalapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Entecavir: (Moderate) Both entecavir and trimethoprim are secreted by active tubular secretion. In theory, coadministration of entecavir with trimethoprim may increase the serum concentrations of either drug due to competition for the drug elimination pathway.
Eplerenone: (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as eplerenone.
Eprosartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Eprosartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Erdafitinib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of erdafitinib and sulfamethoxazole due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of erdafitinib. If concomitant use is unavoidable, closely monitor for erdafitinib-related adverse reactions and consider dose modifications as clinically appropriate. If sulfamethoxazole is discontinued, the dose of erdafitinib may be increased in the absence of drug-related toxicity. Erdafitinib is a CYP2C9 substrate and sulfamethoxazole is a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor.
Ertugliflozin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Ertugliflozin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Ertugliflozin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Esomeprazole; Naproxen: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Estradiol Cypionate; Medroxyprogesterone: (Moderate) Anti-infectives which disrupt the normal GI flora, including sulfonamides, may potentially decrease the effectiveness of estrogen containing oral contraceptives. Alternative or additional contraception may be advisable.
Estradiol: (Moderate) Anti-infectives that disrupt the normal GI flora, including sulfonamides, may potentially decrease the effectiveness of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. (Moderate) Anti-infectives which disrupt the normal GI flora, including sulfonamides, may potentially decrease the effectiveness of estrogen containing oral contraceptives. Alternative or additional contraception may be advisable.
Estradiol; Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Estradiol; Norgestimate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Levonorgestrel; Folic Acid; Levomefolate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available. (Minor) Folate antagonists, such as trimethoprim, especially when used in high doses or over a prolonged period, inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and thus may inhibit the action of folic acid, vitamin B9. (Minor) L-methylfolate and trimethoprim should be used together cautiously. Plasma concentrations of L-methylfolate may be reduced when used concomitantly with trimethoprim. Monitor patients for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norelgestromin: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norethindrone Acetate; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethinyl Estradiol; Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Ethynodiol Diacetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Etonogestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Exenatide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Fenofibric Acid: (Minor) At therapeutic concentrations, fenofibric acid is a mild-to-moderate inhibitor of CYP2C9. Concomitant use of fenofibric acid with CYP2C9 substrates, such as sulfamethoxazole, has not been formally studied. Fenofibric acid may theoretically increase plasma concentrations of CYP2C9 substrates and could lead to toxicity for drugs that have a narrow therapeutic range. Monitor the therapeutic effect of sulfamethoxazole during coadministration with fenofibric acid.
Fenoprofen: (Minor) An interaction may occur between fenoprofen and sulfonamides. Fenoprofen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, fenoprofen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If fenoprofen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from any of the drugs.
Finerenone: (Moderate) Monitor serum potassium concentrations closely if finerenone and trimethoprim are used together. Concomitant use may increase the risk of hyperkalemia. High doses of trimethoprim may increase the risk for hyperkalemia especially in patients with additional risk factors such as renal insufficiency.
Fluorouracil, 5-FU: (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Hematologic toxicity, such as leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, can be increased by concurrent use of fluorouracil, 5-FU or other bone marrow depressants. (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with trimethoprim. Hematologic toxicity can be increased by concurrent use of fluorouracil, 5-FU.
Fluvastatin: (Moderate) In theory, concurrent use CYP2C9 inhibitors, such as sulfonamides, and fluvastatin, a CYP2C9 substrate, may result in reduced metabolism of fluvastatin and potential for toxicity.
Folic Acid, Vitamin B9: (Minor) Folate antagonists, such as trimethoprim, especially when used in high doses or over a prolonged period, inhibit dihydrofolate reductase and thus may inhibit the action of folic acid, vitamin B9.
Food: (Moderate) The incidence of marijuana associated adverse effects may change following coadministration with sulfamethoxazole. Sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C9, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of marijuana's most psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-9-THC). When given concurrently with sulfamethoxazole, the amount of Delta-9-THC converted to the active metabolite 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) may be reduced. These changes in Delta-9-THC and 11-OH-THC plasma concentrations may result in an altered marijuana adverse event profile.
Fosinopril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Fosinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Fosphenytoin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole with fosphenytoin (which is metabolized to phenytoin) may result in increased serum concentrations of phenytoin and increase the risk for adverse reactions. Phenytoin is a substrate of hepatic isoenzyme CYP2C9; sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring of phenytoin serum concentrations are advised if these drugs are used together; dosage adjustments may be necessary in some patients. Monitor for signs of phenytoin toxicity. (Moderate) The half-life of phenytoin may be increased when trimethoprim is given concurrently with phenytoin. It is thought that trimethoprim may interfere with phenytoin hepatic metabolism. Reduced phenytoin clearance can lead to toxicity. Phenytoin or fosphenytoin doses may need to be reduced during concomitant use of trimethoprim.
Ganciclovir: (Moderate) Use ganciclovir and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim together only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks; bone marrow suppression, spermatogenesis inhibition, skin toxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicity may be additive as both drugs inhibit rapidly dividing cells.
Glimepiride: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Glimepiride; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of rosiglitazone may occur when coadministered with drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Patients should be monitored for changes in glycemic control if any CYP2C8 inhibitors are coadministered with rosiglitazone. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Glipizide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Glipizide; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Glyburide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Glyburide; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Guaifenesin; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Hetastarch; Dextrose; Electrolytes: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Hydralazine; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Irbesartan: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Methyldopa: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Moexipril: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Olmesartan: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Hydrocodone; Potassium Guaiacolsulfonate; Pseudoephedrine: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Hyoscyamine; Methenamine; Methylene Blue; Phenyl Salicylate; Sodium Biphosphate: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly. (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts. (Moderate) Use potassium phosphate cautiously with trimethoprim (especially high dose), as both drugs increase serum potassium concentrations. Concurrent use can cause hyperkalemia, especially in elderly patients or patients with impaired renal function. Patients should have serum potassium concentration determinations at periodic intervals.
Imipramine: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Incretin Mimetics: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Indinavir: (Minor) Concomitant administration of indinavir and trimethoprim should be done with caution. Administration of indinavir and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP significantly increased the AUC of trimethoprim. There was no effect on the AUC of indinavir or sulfamethoxazole.
Indomethacin: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole and indomethacin as coadministration may result in increased serum concentrations of sulfamethoxazole. Coadministration may increase the risk of sulfamethoxazole toxicity.
Insulin Degludec; Liraglutide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Insulin Glargine; Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Insulins: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Iodine; Potassium Iodide, KI: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Irbesartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Isoniazid, INH; Pyrazinamide, PZA; Rifampin: (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15 to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. The drugs are often given clinically together with certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy. (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15% to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. Additionally, sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of rifampin. The drugs are often given together for certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy and increased rifampin toxicity
Isoniazid, INH; Rifampin: (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15 to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. The drugs are often given clinically together with certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy. (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15% to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. Additionally, sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of rifampin. The drugs are often given together for certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy and increased rifampin toxicity
Ivacaftor: (Minor) Increased monitoring is recommended if ivacaftor is administered concurrently with CYP2C9 substrates, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. In vitro studies showed ivacaftor to be a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. Co-administration may lead to increased exposure to CYP2C9 substrates; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Lamivudine, 3TC; Zidovudine, ZDV: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sulfonamides and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use. (Moderate) Concomitant use of trimethoprim and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use.
Lamotrigine: (Moderate) Lamotrigine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Caution should be exercised when administering trimethoprim, which also inhibits this enzyme.
Lansoprazole; Naproxen: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Lesinurad: (Moderate) Use lesinurad and sulfamethoxazole together with caution; sulfamethoxazole may increase the systemic exposure of lesinurad. Sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C9, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate.
Lesinurad; Allopurinol: (Moderate) Use lesinurad and sulfamethoxazole together with caution; sulfamethoxazole may increase the systemic exposure of lesinurad. Sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of CYP2C9, and lesinurad is a CYP2C9 substrate.
Leucovorin: (Minor) Racemic leucovorin may be used to offset the toxicity of folate antagonists such as trimethoprim; however, the concomitant use of leucovorin with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim for the acute treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure and morbidity. Levoleucovorin may result in the same effect. (Minor) The concomitant use of leucovorin with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, for the acute treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure and morbidity. Levoleucovorin may result in the same effect.
Leuprolide; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levoleucovorin: (Minor) Racemic leucovorin may be used to offset the toxicity of folate antagonists such as trimethoprim; however, the concomitant use of leucovorin with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim for the acute treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure and morbidity. Levoleucovorin may result in the same effect. (Minor) The concomitant use of leucovorin with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, for the acute treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection was associated with an increased risk of treatment failure and morbidity. Levoleucovorin may result in the same effect.
Levomefolate: (Minor) L-methylfolate and trimethoprim should be used together cautiously. Plasma concentrations of L-methylfolate may be reduced when used concomitantly with trimethoprim. Monitor patients for decreased efficacy of L-methylfolate if these agents are used together.
Levonorgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Levonorgestrel; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous Bisglycinate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Lidocaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of lidocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue lidocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Lidocaine; Prilocaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of lidocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue lidocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. (Moderate) Coadministration of prilocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue prilocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Linagliptin; Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Liraglutide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Lisinopril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Lisinopril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Lixisenatide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Lonafarnib: (Major) Avoid coadministration of lonafarnib and sulfamethoxazole; concurrent use may increase the exposure of lonafarnib and the risk of adverse effects. If coadministration is unavoidable, closely monitor patients for lonafarnib-related adverse reactions. Lonafarnib is a CYP2C9 substrate and sulfamethoxazole is a CYP2C9 inhibitor.
Loperamide: (Moderate) If these drugs are used together, the plasma concentrations of loperamide may increase. Loperamide is a substrate for CYP2C8. Trimethoprim has been shown in vitro and in studies of healthy human volunteers to selectively inhibit the CYP2C8 isoenzyme. Monitor for cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, TdP, cardiac arrest) and other loperamide-associated adverse reactions, such as CNS effects.
Loperamide; Simethicone: (Moderate) If these drugs are used together, the plasma concentrations of loperamide may increase. Loperamide is a substrate for CYP2C8. Trimethoprim has been shown in vitro and in studies of healthy human volunteers to selectively inhibit the CYP2C8 isoenzyme. Monitor for cardiac toxicities (i.e., syncope, ventricular tachycardia, QT prolongation, TdP, cardiac arrest) and other loperamide-associated adverse reactions, such as CNS effects.
Losartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors. (Minor) Inhibitors of the hepatic CYP2C9 isoenzyme, such as sulfonamides, have potential to inhibit the conversion of losartan to its active metabolite. Monitor therapeutic response to individualize losartan dosage.
Losartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors. (Minor) Inhibitors of the hepatic CYP2C9 isoenzyme, such as sulfonamides, have potential to inhibit the conversion of losartan to its active metabolite. Monitor therapeutic response to individualize losartan dosage.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Minor) Concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and lumacaftor; ivacaftor may alter sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, Cotrimoxazole exposure. Sulfamethoxazole is a substrate of CYP2C9; in vitro data suggest it is also a substrate for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug transporter. In vitro data suggest that lumacaftor; ivacaftor may induce and/or inhibit CYP2C9 and P-gp. The net effect of lumacaftor; ivacaftor on CYP2C9-mediated metabolism and P-gp transport is not clear, but substrate exposure may be affected leading to decreased efficacy or increased or prolonged therapeutic effects and adverse events.
Lumacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Minor) Increased monitoring is recommended if ivacaftor is administered concurrently with CYP2C9 substrates, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. In vitro studies showed ivacaftor to be a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. Co-administration may lead to increased exposure to CYP2C9 substrates; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Magnesium Salicylate: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Mefenamic Acid: (Moderate) Mefenamic acid is a substrate for CYP450 2C9. Inhibitors of the 2C9 isoenzyme, such as trimethoprim, may lead to increased serum concentrations of mefenamic acid. If administered concurrently with mefenamic acid, monitor for NSAID related side effects.
Meglitinides: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Meloxicam: (Moderate) Consider a meloxicam dose reduction and monitor for adverse reactions if coadministration with sulfamethoxazole is necessary. Concurrent use may increase meloxicam exposure. Meloxicam is a CYP2C9 substrate and sulfamethoxazole is a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor.
Memantine: (Moderate) Cationic drugs that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion, such as trimethoprim, may decrease memantine elimination by competing for common renal tubular transport systems. Although this interaction is theoretical, careful patient monitoring and dose adjustment of memantine and/or trimethoprim is recommended.
Mepivacaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of mepivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue mepivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Mepivacaine; Levonordefrin: (Moderate) Coadministration of mepivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue mepivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Mercaptopurine, 6-MP: (Moderate) Increased bone marrow suppression may occur if mercaptopurine is coadministered with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. If concomitant use is necessary, monitor complete blood counts and adjust the dose of mercaptopurine if severe neutropenia or thrombocytopenia occur.
Mestranol; Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Metformin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Metformin; Repaglinide: (Major) Coadministration of trimethoprim and repaglinide increases the AUC of repaglinide by 61%; if coadministration is necessary, consider a dose reduction of repaglinide and increased frequency of glucose monitoring. Trimethoprim is a CYP2C8 inhibitor and repaglinide is a CYP2C8 substrate. The possibility of an increased risk of hypoglycemia should be considered during concomitant use of trimethoprim and repaglinide. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Metformin; Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of rosiglitazone may occur when coadministered with drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Patients should be monitored for changes in glycemic control if any CYP2C8 inhibitors are coadministered with rosiglitazone. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Metformin; Saxagliptin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Metformin; Sitagliptin: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Methenamine: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly.
Methenamine; Sodium Acid Phosphate; Methylene Blue; Hyoscyamine: (Major) Sulfonamides can crystallize in an acidic urine. Because methenamine salts produce an acidic urine, these agents should not be used concomitantly.
Methotrexate: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of sulfamethoxazole and methotrexate. Sulfonamides can displace methotrexate from plasma protein binding sites and compete with renal transport of methotrexate, thus increasing free methotrexate concentrations. Increased bone marrow suppression has been reported in patients receiving methotrexate and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, potentially due to decreased tubular secretion and/or additive antifolate effects. (Major) Avoid concurrent use of trimethoprim and methotrexate. Increased bone marrow suppression has been reported in patients receiving methotrexate and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, potentially due to decreased tubular secretion and/or additive antifolate effects.
Methoxsalen: (Moderate) Use methoxsalen and sulfonamides together with caution; the risk of severe burns/photosensitivity may be additive. If concurrent use is necessary, closely monitor patients for signs or symptoms of skin toxicity.
Methyclothiazide: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Metolazone: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Metoprolol; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Metronidazole: (Major) Medications with significant alcohol content should not be ingested during therapy with metronidazole and should be avoided for 3 days after therapy is discontinued. Intravenous sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP contains ethanol. A disulfiram-like reaction has occurred when metronidazole was used with IV sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. This reaction would not be expected to occur with oral sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP.
Miglitol: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Moexipril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel: (Moderate) Monitor for an increase in paclitaxel-related adverse reactions if coadministration of nab-paclitaxel with trimethoprim is necessary due to the risk of increased plasma concentrations of paclitaxel. Nab-paclitaxel is a CYP2C8 substrate and trimethoprim is a weak CYP2C8 inhibitor. In vitro, the metabolism of paclitaxel to 6-alpha-hydroxypaclitaxel was inhibited by another inhibitor of CYP2C8.
Naproxen: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Naproxen; Pseudoephedrine: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Naproxen; Sumatriptan: (Minor) Naproxen is 99% bound to albumin. Thus, naproxen may displace other highly protein bound drugs from albumin or vice versa. If naproxen is used concurrently with sulfonamides, monitor patients for toxicity from either drug.
Nebivolol; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Norethindrone: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norethindrone; Ethinyl Estradiol; Ferrous fumarate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestimate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Norgestrel: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Nortriptyline: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Olmesartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Omeprazole; Amoxicillin; Rifabutin: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15 to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin. (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with amoxicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing amoxicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Oral Contraceptives: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Oritavancin: (Moderate) Sulfamethoxazole is metabolized by CYP2C9; oritavancin is a weak CYP2C9 inhibitor. Coadministration may result in elevated sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations. If these drugs are administered concurrently, monitor for sulfamethoxazole toxicity such as diarrhea, anorexia, or nausea.
Oxacillin: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with oxacillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing oxacillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Paclitaxel: (Minor) Paclitaxel is a substrate of CYP2C8; in vitro, trimethoprim is a mild inhibitor of CYP2C8. If coadministration is necessary, use caution and monitor for increased paclitaxel side effects, including myelosuppression and peripheral neuropathy. This interaction may also be applicable to combination products containing trimethoprim, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim (also known as SMX-TMP or cotrimoxazole).
Penicillin G Benzathine: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of penicillin G procaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue penicillin G procaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. Sulfonamides may also compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects. (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Penicillin G Procaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of penicillin G procaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue penicillin G procaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. Sulfonamides may also compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Penicillin G: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Penicillin V: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with penicillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing penicillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Perindopril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Perindopril; Amlodipine: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Perphenazine; Amitriptyline: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Pexidartinib: (Moderate) Monitor for evidence of hepatotoxicity if pexidartinib is coadministered with sulfamethoxazole. Avoid concurrent use in patients with increased serum transaminases, total bilirubin, or direct bilirubin (more than ULN) or active liver or biliary tract disease.
Phenytoin: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole with phenytoin may result in increased serum concentrations of phenytoin and increase the risk for adverse reactions. Phenytoin is a substrate of CYP2C9; sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Caution and close monitoring of phenytoin serum concentrations are advised if these drugs are used together; dosage adjustments may be necessary in some patients. Monitor for signs of phenytoin toxicity. (Moderate) The half-life of phenytoin may be increased with trimethoprim. It is thought that trimethoprim may interfere with phenytoin hepatic metabolism. Reduced phenytoin clearance can lead to toxicity. Phenytoin doses may need to be reduced during concomitant use of trimethoprim.
Photosensitizing agents (topical): (Moderate) Sulfonamides may cause photosensitization and may increase the photosensitizing effects of photosensitizing agents used during photodynamic therapy.
Pioglitazone: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of pioglitazone may occur when coadministered with other drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Monitor for changes in glycemic control if trimethoprim is coadministered with pioglitazone.
Pioglitazone; Glimepiride: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of pioglitazone may occur when coadministered with other drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Monitor for changes in glycemic control if trimethoprim is coadministered with pioglitazone. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Pioglitazone; Metformin: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of pioglitazone may occur when coadministered with other drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Monitor for changes in glycemic control if trimethoprim is coadministered with pioglitazone. (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Piperacillin: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with piperacillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing piperacillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Piperacillin; Tazobactam: (Minor) Sulfonamides may compete with piperacillin for renal tubular secretion, increasing piperacillin serum concentrations. Use this combination with caution, and monitor patients for increased side effects.
Porfimer: (Major) Avoid coadministration of porfimer with sulfonamides due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Porfimer is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with porfimer will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like sulfonamides may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Posaconazole: (Major) Posaconazole and sulfamethoxazole should be coadministered with caution due to an increased potential for sulfamethoxazole-related adverse events. Posaconazole is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4, an isoenzyme partially responsible for the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole. These drugs used in combination may result in elevated sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations, causing an increased risk for sulfamethoxazole-related adverse events.
Potassium Acetate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Bicarbonate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Chloride: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Citrate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Gluconate: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Iodide, KI: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium Phosphate: (Moderate) Use potassium phosphate cautiously with trimethoprim (especially high dose), as both drugs increase serum potassium concentrations. Concurrent use can cause hyperkalemia, especially in elderly patients or patients with impaired renal function. Patients should have serum potassium concentration determinations at periodic intervals.
Potassium Phosphate; Sodium Phosphate: (Moderate) Use potassium phosphate cautiously with trimethoprim (especially high dose), as both drugs increase serum potassium concentrations. Concurrent use can cause hyperkalemia, especially in elderly patients or patients with impaired renal function. Patients should have serum potassium concentration determinations at periodic intervals.
Potassium: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Potassium-sparing diuretics: (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim.
Pralatrexate: (Major) Renal elimination accounts for approximately 34% of the overall clearance of pralatrexate. Concomitant administration of drugs that undergo substantial renal clearance, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, may result in delayed clearance of pralatrexate.
Pramlintide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Prilocaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of prilocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue prilocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Prilocaine; Epinephrine: (Moderate) Coadministration of prilocaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue prilocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Probenecid: (Minor) Probenecid may inhibit the renal transport of sulfonamides. Plasma concentrations of these agents may be increased.
Procainamide: (Moderate) Monitor procainamide plasma concentrations, if available, and for clinical and ECG signs of procainamide toxicity with concomitant trimethoprim use. Trimethoprim increases the plasma concentrations of procainamide and its active N-acetyl metabolite (NAPA). The increased procainamide and NAPA plasma concentrations are associated with further prolongation of the QTc interval.
Protriptyline: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Pyrimethamine: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. Reports suggest that patients receiving pyrimethamine as malaria prophylaxis in doses more than 25 mg/week may develop megaloblastic anemia with concurrent sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim. Additionally, the concomitant use of other antifolic drugs associated with myelosuppression, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, may increase the risk of bone marrow suppression. (Major) Avoid concurrent use of trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Reports suggest that patients receiving pyrimethamine as malaria prophylaxis in doses more than 25 mg/week may develop megaloblastic anemia with concurrent sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim. Additionally, the concomitant use of other antifolic drugs associated with myelosuppression, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, may increase the risk of bone marrow suppression.
Pyrimethamine; Sulfadoxine: (Major) Avoid concurrent use of sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. Reports suggest that patients receiving pyrimethamine as malaria prophylaxis in doses more than 25 mg/week may develop megaloblastic anemia with concurrent sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim. Additionally, the concomitant use of other antifolic drugs associated with myelosuppression, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, may increase the risk of bone marrow suppression. (Major) Avoid concurrent use of trimethoprim and pyrimethamine. Reports suggest that patients receiving pyrimethamine as malaria prophylaxis in doses more than 25 mg/week may develop megaloblastic anemia with concurrent sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim. Additionally, the concomitant use of other antifolic drugs associated with myelosuppression, including sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, may increase the risk of bone marrow suppression.
Quinapril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Quinapril; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Ramelteon: (Moderate) Ramelteon should be administered with caution to patients taking CYP2C9 inhibitors, such as sulfamethoxazole. The AUC and Cmax of ramelteon have been elevated > 150% when administered with other CYP2C9 inhibitors. The patient should be monitored closely for toxicity even though ramelteon has a wide therapeutic index.
Ramipril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Relugolix; Estradiol; Norethindrone acetate: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Repaglinide: (Major) Coadministration of trimethoprim and repaglinide increases the AUC of repaglinide by 61%; if coadministration is necessary, consider a dose reduction of repaglinide and increased frequency of glucose monitoring. Trimethoprim is a CYP2C8 inhibitor and repaglinide is a CYP2C8 substrate. The possibility of an increased risk of hypoglycemia should be considered during concomitant use of trimethoprim and repaglinide.
Rifabutin: (Moderate) Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15 to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP did not alter the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin.
Rifampin: (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15 to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. The drugs are often given clinically together with certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy. (Moderate) Rifampin is a potent enzyme inducer. Rifampin can increase the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. A pharmacokinetic effect on the combination has been reported with another rifamycin. Concomitant administration of rifabutin and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole (double-strength) in 12 HIV-infected patients decreased the AUC of SMX-TMP by about 15% to 20%. Rifabutin decreased the AUC and Cmax of trimethoprim by 14% and 6%, respectively, when rifabutin was given with trimethoprim alone. Additionally, sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim may increase the serum concentration of rifampin. The drugs are often given together for certain patient populations, so the ultimate clinical significance of a possible pharmacokinetic interaction is not clear. Monitor for therapeutic response to therapy and increased rifampin toxicity
Riluzole: (Moderate) Monitor for signs and symptoms of hepatic injury during coadministration of riluzole and sulfamethoxazole. Concomitant use may increase the risk for hepatotoxicity. Discontinue riluzole if clinical signs of liver dysfunction are present.
Ropivacaine: (Moderate) Coadministration of ropivacaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue ropivacaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Rosiglitazone: (Moderate) It is possible that an increase in the exposure of rosiglitazone may occur when coadministered with drugs that inhibit CYP2C8 such as trimethoprim. Patients should be monitored for changes in glycemic control if any CYP2C8 inhibitors are coadministered with rosiglitazone.
Sacubitril; Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Salicylates: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Salsalate: (Minor) Due to high protein binding, salicylates could be displaced from binding sites, or could displace other highly protein-bound drugs such as sulfonamides. An enhanced effect of the displaced drug may occur.
Sapropterin: (Moderate) Drugs that inhibit folate metabolism, such as trimethoprim, should be used with caution in patients taking sapropterin. More frequent monitoring of blood phenylalanine concentrations is warranted in patients receiving these agents concurrently. An increased dosage of sapropterin may be necessary to achieve a biochemical response. Trimethoprim may decrease the bioavailability of endogenous tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Reduction of BH4 could make management of hyperphenylalaninemia with sapropterin more difficult.
Segesterone Acetate; Ethinyl Estradiol: (Moderate) It would be prudent to recommend alternative or additional contraception when oral contraceptives (OCs) are used in conjunction with antibiotics. It was previously thought that antibiotics may decrease the effectiveness of OCs containing estrogens due to stimulation of metabolism or a reduction in enterohepatic circulation via changes in GI flora. One retrospective study reviewed the literature to determine the effects of oral antibiotics on the pharmacokinetics of contraceptive estrogens and progestins, and also examined clinical studies in which the incidence of pregnancy with OCs and antibiotics was reported. It was concluded that the antibiotics ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, metronidazole, ofloxacin, roxithromycin, temafloxacin, and tetracycline did not alter plasma concentrations of OCs. Antituberculous drugs (e.g., rifampin) were the only agents associated with OC failure and pregnancy. Based on the study results, these authors recommended that back-up contraception may not be necessary if OCs are used reliably during oral antibiotic use. Another review concurred with these data, but noted that individual patients have been identified who experienced significant decreases in plasma concentrations of combined OC components and who appeared to ovulate; the agents most often associated with these changes were rifampin, tetracyclines, and penicillin derivatives. These authors concluded that because females most at risk for OC failure or noncompliance may not be easily identified and the true incidence of such events may be under-reported, and given the serious consequence of unwanted pregnancy, that recommending an additional method of contraception during short-term antibiotic use may be justified. During long-term antibiotic administration, the risk for drug interaction with OCs is less clear, but alternative or additional contraception may be advisable in selected circumstances. Data regarding progestin-only contraceptives or for newer combined contraceptive deliveries (e.g., patches, rings) are not available.
Selexipag: (Major) Consider a less frequent dosing regimen (e.g., once daily) when initiating selexipag in patients receiving trimethoprim. Reduce the selexipag dose when trimethoprim is initiated in patients already taking selexipag. Coadministration can be expected to increase exposure to selexipag and its active metabolite. Selexipag is a substrate of CYP2C8; trimethoprim is a moderate CYP2C8 inhibitor.
Semaglutide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
SGLT2 Inhibitors: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Siponimod: (Moderate) Concomitant use of siponimod and sulfamethoxazole may increase siponimod exposure. If the patient is also receiving a drug regimen containing a moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, use of siponimod is not recommended due to a significant increase in siponimod exposure. Siponimod is a CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 substrate; sulfamethoxazole is a moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor. Coadministration with a moderate CYP2C9/CYP3A4 dual inhibitor led to a 2-fold increase in the exposure of siponimod.
Sodium Iodide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may alter sodium iodide I-131 pharmacokinetics and dynamics for up to 1 week after administrations.
Sodium picosulfate; Magnesium oxide; Anhydrous citric acid: (Major) Prior or concomitant use of antibiotics with sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid may reduce efficacy of the bowel preparation as conversion of sodium picosulfate to its active metabolite bis-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-pyridyl-2-methane (BHPM) is mediated by colonic bacteria. If possible, avoid coadministration. Certain antibiotics (i.e., tetracyclines and quinolones) may chelate with the magnesium in sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution. Therefore, these antibiotics should be taken at least 2 hours before and not less than 6 hours after the administration of sodium picosulfate; magnesium oxide; anhydrous citric acid solution.
Sodium Sulfate; Magnesium Sulfate; Potassium Chloride: (Moderate) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia. Trimethoprim should also be used with caution with other drugs known to cause significant hyperkalemia such as potassium salts.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir: (Moderate) Use caution when administering velpatasvir with trimethoprim. Taking these drugs together may increase velpatasvir plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in adverse events. Velpatasvir is a CYP2C8 substrate; trimethoprim is an inhibitor of CYP2C8.
Sofosbuvir; Velpatasvir; Voxilaprevir: (Moderate) Use caution when administering velpatasvir with trimethoprim. Taking these drugs together may increase velpatasvir plasma concentrations, potentially resulting in adverse events. Velpatasvir is a CYP2C8 substrate; trimethoprim is an inhibitor of CYP2C8.
Spironolactone: (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim.
Spironolactone; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim.
Sulfinpyrazone: (Moderate) Sulfamethoxazole is roughly 60 to 70% protein-bound and can potentiate other drugs by displacing them from their binding sites. Drugs that may be affected in this manner include sulfinpyrazone.
Sulfonylureas: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Telaprevir: (Moderate) Close clinical monitoring is advised when administering sulfamethoxazole with telaprevir due to an increased potential for sulfamethoxazole-related adverse events. If sulfamethoxazole dose adjustments are made, re-adjust the dose upon completion of telaprevir treatment. Although this interaction has not been studied, predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole. Sulfamethoxazole is partially metabolized by the hepatic isoenzyme CYP3A4; telaprevir inhibits this isoenzyme. Coadministration may result in elevated sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations.
Telmisartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Telmisartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Terbinafine: (Moderate) Due to the risk for terbinafine related adverse effects, caution is advised when coadministering sulfamethoxazole. Although this interaction has not been studied by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may increase the systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs. Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenyzmes, with major contributions coming from CYP2C9; sulfamethoxazole is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor patients for adverse reactions if these drugs are coadministered. (Moderate) Due to the risk for terbinafine related adverse effects, caution is advised when coadministering trimethoprim. Although this interaction has not been studied by the manufacturer, and published literature suggests the potential for interactions to be low, taking these drugs together may increase the systemic exposure of terbinafine. Predictions about the interaction can be made based on the metabolic pathways of both drugs. Terbinafine is metabolized by at least 7 CYP isoenzymes, with major contributions coming from CYP2C8; trimethoprim is an inhibitor of this enzyme. Monitor patients for adverse reactions if these drugs are coadministered.
Tetracaine: (Major) Coadministration of tetracaine with sulfonamides may antagonize the effect of sulfonamides. Tetracaine is metabolized to para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). PABA antagonized the effects of sulfonamides. Additionally, coadministration of tetracaine with oxidizing agents, such as sulfonamides, may increase the risk of developing methemoglobinemia. Monitor patients closely for signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia if coadministration is necessary. If methemoglobinemia occurs or is suspected, discontinue chloroprocaine and any other oxidizing agents. Depending on the severity of symptoms, patients may respond to supportive care; more severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen.
Tezacaftor; Ivacaftor: (Minor) Increased monitoring is recommended if ivacaftor is administered concurrently with CYP2C9 substrates, such as sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP. In vitro studies showed ivacaftor to be a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9. Co-administration may lead to increased exposure to CYP2C9 substrates; however, the clinical impact of this has not yet been determined.
Thiazide diuretics: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration.
Thiazolidinediones: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Tolazamide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides.
Tolbutamide: (Moderate) Sulfonamides may enhance the hypoglycemic action of antidiabetic agents; patients with diabetes mellitus should be closely monitored during sulfonamide treatment. Taking these drugs together may also increase risk for phototoxicity. Patients should limit sunlight and UV exposure, and follow proper precautions for sunscreens and protective clothing. Sulfonamides may induce hypoglycemia in some patients by increasing the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Patients at risk for hypoglycemia due to sulfonamides include those with compromised renal function, those fasting for prolonged periods, those that are malnourished, and those receiving high or excessive doses of sulfonamides. (Minor) Trimethoprim has been shown to reduce the clearance of unbound tolbutamide and prolong tolbutamide half-life. The reductions in tolbutamide clearance are relatively small. While the risk of enhanced hypoglycemic effects appears low, closely monitor blood glucose during concomitant therapy.
Trandolapril: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Trandolapril; Verapamil: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more signficant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Triamterene: (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim. (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Hematologic toxicity, such as leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, can be increased by concurrent use of triamterene or other bone marrow depressants.
Triamterene; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Major) Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors for hyperkalemia (e.g., renal disease). Patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, should be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia during concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics and trimethoprim. (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Hematologic toxicity, such as leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, can be increased by concurrent use of triamterene or other bone marrow depressants.
Tricyclic antidepressants: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Trimetrexate: (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Hematologic toxicity, such as leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, can be increased by concurrent use of trimetrexate or other bone marrow depressants. (Major) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with trimethoprim. Hematologic toxicity can be increased by concurrent use of trimetrexate.
Trimipramine: (Moderate) Monitor therapeutic response and adjust the tricyclic antidepressant dose, if needed, when use sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim concomitantly. The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants can decrease when administered with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.
Trospium: (Moderate) Both trospium and trimethoprim are eliminated by active renal tubular secretion; coadministration has the potential to increase serum concentrations of trospium or trimethoprim due to competition for the drug elimination pathway. Careful patient monitoring is recommended. For trospium, monitor for anticholinergic effects, such as dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, or increased CNS effects which are not frequent when the drug is used alone. Trimethoprim dose-related side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headaches, mental depression/confusion, palpitations, and bone marrow depression. In some patients, a dosage reduction may be required.
Typhoid Vaccine: (Major) Avoid use of sulfonamides and other antibiotics during the oral typhoid vaccination series at concurrent administration may result in a reduced immune response. In order to provided immunity, the oral typhoid vaccine requires initiation of a limited infection localized within the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics prevent this bacterial infection from occurring, thereby, reducing the vaccines protective immune response.
Valganciclovir: (Moderate) Use valganciclovir and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim together only if the potential benefits outweigh the risks; bone marrow suppression, spermatogenesis inhibition, skin toxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicity may be additive as both drugs inhibit rapidly dividing cells.
Valproic Acid, Divalproex Sodium: (Minor) The risk for developing leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia can be increased if other bone marrow depressants are used with sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP, cotrimoxazole. Megaloblastic anemia can occur when sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim, SMX-TMP is used in patients who are taking other folate antagonists. These agents include: valproic acid, divalproex sodium. If these agents are used concomitantly, close observation of blood counts is warranted. (Minor) Use of other folate antagonists should be avoided during therapy with trimethoprim. Hematologic toxicity can be increased by concurrent use of divalproex or valproic acid.
Valsartan: (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Valsartan; Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ: (Major) Avoid the concomitant use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim and thiazide diuretics. An increased incidence of thrombocytopenia with purpura has been reported in elderly patients during coadministration. (Moderate) Monitor for hyperkalemia if concomitant use of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and trimethoprim is necessary. Hyperkalemia may be more significant in patients receiving IV trimethoprim. For those patients at higher risk of hyperkalemia (e.g., the elderly, patients with underlying disorders of potassium metabolism, and those with renal dysfunction), consideration of an alternate antibiotic may be warranted. Trimethoprim has a potassium-sparing effect on the distal nephron and may induce hyperkalemia, especially in those with pre-existing risk factors.
Verteporfin: (Moderate) Use caution if coadministration of verteporfin with sulfonamides is necessary due to the risk of increased photosensitivity. Verteporfin is a light-activated drug used in photodynamic therapy; all patients treated with verteporfin will be photosensitive. Concomitant use of other photosensitizing agents like sulfonamides may increase the risk of a photosensitivity reaction.
Vigabatrin: (Minor) Vigabatrin is not significantly metabolized; however, it is an inducer of CYP2C9. In theory, decreased exposure of drugs that are extensively metabolized by CYP2C9, such as sulfamethoxazole, may occur during concurrent use of vigabatrin.
Voriconazole: (Moderate) Monitor for increased voriconazole-related adverse reactions if coadministered with sulfamethoxazole. Elevated voriconazole concentrations and, thus, adverse reactions may result. Voriconazole is a CYP2C9 substrate and sulfamethoxazole is a CYP2C9 inhibitor.
Warfarin: (Moderate) Closely monitor the INR if coadministration of warfarin with sulfonamides is necessary as concurrent use may increase the exposure of warfarin leading to increased bleeding risk. Warfarin doses may need to be adjusted when sulfonamide therapy is discontinued. Sulfonamides, including sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfisoxazole, potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Sulfonamides are known to inhibit the hepatic metabolism of S-warfarin and have, in some cases, doubled the hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin. A protein-binding interaction also may be possible, with sulfonamides displacing warfarin from protein binding sites.
Zidovudine, ZDV: (Moderate) Concomitant use of sulfonamides and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use. (Moderate) Concomitant use of trimethoprim and zidovudine may result in additive hematological abnormalities. Use caution and monitor for hematologic toxicity during concurrent use.
Ziprasidone: (Major) Concomitant use of ziprasidone and sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim should be avoided if possible due to the potential for additive QT prolongation. Clinical trial data indicate that ziprasidone causes QT prolongation; there are postmarketing reports of torsade de pointes (TdP) in patients with multiple confounding factors. QT prolongation resulting in ventricular tachycardia and TdP has been reported during postmarketing use of sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim.